Analysis and comparison of the driving behaviour of e-scooter riders and cyclists using video and trajectory data in Berlin, Germany

IAB one solution of micromobility, e-scooters have become a trend in Germany. However, the concems about the safety of e-scooter riders, influence on pedestrians and the parking issues are growing. In 2020, 2,155 e-scooters involved personal injury accidents were recorded in Germany. The number rose to 5,502 in 2021 meaning an increase of 155.31 %. Compared to cyclists (incl. pedelec cyclists), the increasing rate of personal injury accidents in the same period decreased by 8.75 % [1, 2]. Against the background of accidents with e-scooters in cities, prior studies analysed severity and patterns of injuries caused by such accidents [3, 4]. In addition, comparisons are drawn to the consequences of accidents with other vehicles [5, 6]. Some studies also consider the risk of injuries in relation to the miles travelled [7]. The studies provide valuable findings but the approaches focus on the severe consequences of occurred accidents. At the same time, compared to bicycles, the centre of gravity of e-scooters is lower, they are more manoeuvrable and can still reach speeds of up to 20 km/h [8]. The question remains, if these vehicle characteristics are associated with different interaction behaviour. Hence, the aim of the present study is to reveal the riding behaviour profile in different contexts and investigate e-scooter riders' criticality in interaction behaviour compared with cyclists using surrogate safety measures. We aim to figure out if the interaction behaviour of the two modes differ and what the effects of potential differences are for safety considerations in the system of active mobility

The Revised D-A-CH-Reference Values for the Intake of Vitamin B 12 : Prevention of Deficiency and Beyond

Scope: The nutrition societies of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland are the joint editors of the “D-A-CH reference values for nutrient intake”, which are revised regularly. Methods and Results: By reviewing vitamin-B 12 -related biomarker studies, the reference values for vitamin B 12 were revised in 2018. For adults, the estimated intake is based on the adequate serum concentrations of holotranscobalamin and methylmalonic acid. The estimated values for children and adolescents are extrapolated from the adult reference value by considering differences in body mass, an allometric exponent, and growth factors. For infants below 4 months of age, an estimated value is set based on the vitamin B 12 intake via breast milk. The reference values for pregnant and lactating women consider the requirements for the fetus and for loss via breast milk. The estimated values for vitamin B 12 intake for infants, children, and adolescents range from 0.5 to 4.0 µg d −1 . For adults, the estimated values are set at 4.0 µg d −1 , and for pregnant and lactating women, they are set at 4.5 and 5.5 µg d −1 , respectively. Conclusion: Based on the data of several vitamin B 12 status biomarkers studies, the reference value for vitamin B 12 intake for adults is raised from 3.0 to 4.0 µg d −1

E-Tretroller im Stadtverkehr. Nutzung, Konflikte und Empfehlungen für Kommunen

Dieser kurze praxisorientierte Artikel stellt empirische Ergebnisse zu E-Tretroller-Nutzenden und deren Nutzungsverhalten sowie zu Interaktionen und Konflikten mit dem Fuß- und Radverkehr basierend auf einer deutschlandweiten Online-Befragung vor. Darüber hinaus werden Handlungsempfehlungen für Kommunen zum Umgang mit E-Tretrollern in Städten abgeleitet

Cardiogenic Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells Streamlined Through a Conserved SDF-1/VEGF/BMP2 Integrated Network

BACKGROUND: Pluripotent stem cells produce tissue-specific lineages through programmed acquisition of sequential gene expression patterns that function as a blueprint for organ formation. As embryonic stem cells respond concomitantly to diverse signaling pathways during differentiation, extraction of a pro-cardiogenic network would offer a roadmap to streamline cardiac progenitor output. METHODS AND RESULTS: To resolve gene ontology priorities within precursor transcriptomes, cardiogenic subpopulations were here generated according to either growth factor guidance or stage-specific biomarker sorting. Innate expression profiles were independently delineated through unbiased systems biology mapping, and cross-referenced to filter transcriptional noise unmasking a conserved progenitor motif (55 up- and 233 down-regulated genes). The streamlined pool of 288 genes organized into a core biological network that prioritized the "Cardiovascular Development" function. Recursive in silico deconvolution of the cardiogenic neighborhood and associated canonical signaling pathways identified a combination of integrated axes, CXCR4/SDF-1, Flk-1/VEGF and BMP2r/BMP2, predicted to synchronize cardiac specification. In vitro targeting of the resolved triad in embryoid bodies accelerated expression of Nkx2.5, Mef2C and cardiac-MHC, enhanced beating activity, and augmented cardiogenic yield. CONCLUSIONS: Transcriptome-wide dissection of a conserved progenitor profile thus revealed functional highways that coordinate cardiogenic maturation from a pluripotent ground state. Validating the bioinformatics algorithm established a strategy to rationally modulate cell fate, and optimize stem cell-derived cardiogenesis

Interplay between phosphorylation and palmitoylation mediates plasma membrane targeting and sorting of GAP43.

Phosphorylation and lipidation provide posttranslational mechanisms that contribute to the distribution of cytosolic proteins in growing nerve cells. The growth-associated protein GAP43 is susceptible to both phosphorylation and S-palmitoylation and is enriched in the tips of extending neurites. However, how phosphorylation and lipidation interplay to mediate sorting of GAP43 is unclear. Using a combination of biochemical, genetic, and imaging approaches, we show that palmitoylation is required for membrane association and that phosphorylation at Ser-41 directs palmitoylated GAP43 to the plasma membrane. Plasma membrane association decreased the diffusion constant fourfold in neuritic shafts. Sorting to the neuritic tip required palmitoylation and active transport and was increased by phosphorylation-mediated plasma membrane interaction. Vesicle tracking revealed transient association of a fraction of GAP43 with exocytic vesicles and motion at a fast axonal transport rate. Simulations confirmed that a combination of diffusion, dynamic plasma membrane interaction and active transport of a small fraction of GAP43 suffices for efficient sorting to growth cones. Our data demonstrate a complex interplay between phosphorylation and lipidation in mediating the localization of GAP43 in neuronal cells. Palmitoylation tags GAP43 for global sorting by piggybacking on exocytic vesicles, whereas phosphorylation locally regulates protein mobility and plasma membrane targeting of palmitoylated GAP43