L’organisation du culte musulman : un regard de praticien administratif

Depuis 1989, les pouvoirs publics incitent les responsables cultuels musulmans à prendre en main les conditions d’exercice de leur culte. Cependant, la représentation institutionnelle de l’islam de France demeure instable et peu reconnue par les fidèles, et la mise en place d’une formation théologique de qualité pour les imams a du mal à aboutir. À cela deux raisons essentielles : l’incapacité à sortir d’un système d’allégeance avec les pays d’origine et la faible légitimité d’intellectuels qui n’arrivent pas à produire une théologie de l’altérité. Même si, grâce aux efforts de l’Administration, la situation des fidèles s’est considérablement améliorée, la situation de l’islam de France est de plus en plus marquée par le développement de comportements littéralistes qui visent à remettre en cause nos compromis sociétaux.Since 1989, the public authorities have been encouraging Muslim religious leaders to supervise the practice of their religion. However, the institutional representation of the Islam of France remains unstable and misrecognized by the faithful, and the implementation of a theological training for imams is difficult to achieve. There are two main reasons: the weight of a system of allegiance with the countries of origin and the weak legitimacy of intellectuals unable to provide a theology of otherness. Thanks to the efforts of the Administration, the situation of the faithful has significantly improved. However, the situation of Islam in France is increasingly marked by the development of literalistic behavior aimed at challenging our societal compromises

Les coordinations, filles des années 1968

Les coordinations ont fait leur apparition au lendemain de Mai 1968 dans les lycées puis dans les universités. Elles sont devenues un élément constant du répertoire d'action collective des mouvements de jeunesse. Au milieu des années 1980, des coordinations naissent dans des secteurs salariés (cheminots, infirmières, postiers) sans pour autant s'établir durablement comme forme d'action collective. L'apparition de ces coordinations de salariés est à la fois liée aux circonstances et au caractère d'exemplarité qu'a eu la coordination étudiante contre le projet de loi Devaquet ; à la présence dans ces secteurs salariés de militants et militantes ayant connu les mobilisations lycéennes et étudiantes des années 70 et remettant en cause les pratiques syndicales traditionnelles, enfin à l'augmentation des compétences des salariés en terme de qualifications et de diplômes. La convergence de ces éléments dans le secteur public explique que les coordinations s'y soient développées. Dans ce cadre, la coordination infirmière n'est ni la figure de mobilisation ni le produit de spécificités propres au genre féminin.The coordination committees, or « coordinations » as they are known in French, first appeared after the Mai 68 events in high schools, and later in universities. They became one of the central components of the repetoire of collective action of the youth movement. In the mid 80's, the coordination committees appeared in working class sectors, notably among railworkers, nurses, and post-office agents. Nonetheless, they failed to become institutionalized and to generate long-term collective action. The upsurge of these workers « coordinations » was linked to conjunctural events, but more particularly to their exemplary mobilization of students against the Devaquet Law in 1986. An important factor has been the presence in worker sectors of former university students or high school pupils who participated in protest movements in the 70's, which sought to change traditional forms of trade union action. Lastly, the growth of the coordinations is linked to workers rising qualification and educational levels. The convergence of these factors in the public sector explains why the coordination committees developed. In this sense, the nurses coordination committees are not to be seen as gender-specific but as part of the larger phenomenon discussed in the paper

Therapeutic potential of atmospheric neutrons

AbstractBackgroundGlioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most common and most aggressive type of primary brain tumour in humans. It has a very poor prognosis despite multi-modality treatments consisting of open craniotomy with surgical resection, followed by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Recently, a new treatment has been proposed – Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) – which exploits the interaction between Boron-10 atoms (introduced by vector molecules) and low energy neutrons produced by giant accelerators or nuclear reactors.MethodsThe objective of the present study is to compute the deposited dose using a natural source of neutrons (atmospheric neutrons). For this purpose, Monte Carlo computer simulations were carried out to estimate the dosimetric effects of a natural source of neutrons in the matter, to establish if atmospheric neutrons interact with vector molecules containing Boron-10.ResultsThe doses produced (an average of 1μGy in a 1g tumour) are not sufficient for therapeutic treatment of in situ tumours. However, the non-localised yet specific dosimetric properties of 10B vector molecules could prove interesting for the treatment of micro-metastases or as (neo)adjuvant treatment. On a cellular scale, the deposited dose is approximately 0.5Gy/neutron impact.ConclusionIt has been shown that BNCT may be used with a natural source of neutrons, and may potentially be useful for the treatment of micro-metastases. The atmospheric neutron flux is much lower than that utilized during standard NBCT. However the purpose of the proposed study is not to replace the ordinary NBCT but to test if naturally occurring atmospheric neutrons, considered to be an ionizing pollution at the Earth's surface, can be used in the treatment of a disease such as cancer. To finalize this study, it is necessary to quantify the biological effects of the physically deposited dose, taking into account the characteristics of the incident particles (alpha particle and Lithium atom) and radio-induced effects (by-stander and low dose effect). One of the aims of the presented paper is to propose to experimental teams (which would be interested in studying the phenomena) a simple way to calculate the dose deposition (allometric fit of free path, transmission factor of brain)

Dosimetric uncertainties related to the elasticity of bladder and rectal walls: Adenocarcinoma of the prostate

Purpose. - Radiotherapy is an important treatment for prostate cancer.During treatment sessions, bladder and rectal repletion is difficult to quantify and cannot be measured with a single and initial CT scan acquisition. Some methods, such as image-guided radiation therapy and dose-guided radiation therapy, aimto compensate thismissing information through periodic CT acquisitions. The aimis to adapt patient's position, beam configuration or prescribed dose for a dosimetric compliance. Methods. -We evaluated organmotion (and repletion) for 54 patients after having computed the original ballistic on a new CT scan acquisition. A new delineation was done on the prostate, bladder and rectum to determine the newdisplacements and define organ dosesmistakes (equivalent uniformdose, average dose and dose-volume histograms). Results. - The new CT acquisitions confirmed that bladder and rectal volumes were not constant during sessions. Some cases showed that previously validated treatment plan became unsuitable. A proposed solution is to correct dosimetries when bladder volume modifications are significant. The result is an improvement for the stability of bladder doses, D50 error is reduced by 25.3%, mean dose error by 5.1% and equivalent uniform dose error by 2.6%. For the rectum this method decreases errors by only 1%. This process can reduce the risk of mismatch between the initial scan and following treatment sessions. Conclusion. - For the proposedmethod, the cone-beamCT is necessary to properly position the isocenter and to quantify bladder and rectal volume variation and deposited doses. The dosimetries are performed in the event that bladder (or rectum) volume modification limits are exceeded. To identify these limits, we have calculated that a tolerance of 10% for the equivalent uniformdose (compared to the initial value of the first dosimetry), this represents 11% of obsolete dosimetries for the bladder, and 4% for the rectum

Response of the International Homeopathic Society of Supportive Care in Oncology (SHISSO) to the contribution request by the High Authority for Health (HAS) for the evaluation of homeopathic medicines

Introduction : Dans le cadre de sa mission d’évaluation du médicament homéopathique, la Haute Autorité de Santé a lancé un appel à contribution. La Société Homéopathique Internationale de Soins de Support en Oncologie (SHISSO) a été retenue en tant que société savante. Méthode : Un groupe de travail de 8 membres de la SHISSO, composé de médecins, pharmaciens et oncologues homéopathes a répondu à chacune des 5 questions posées par la HAS. Nous nous sommes appuyés sur la littérature scientifique existante et sur notre expérience de cliniciens. Résultats : Première thérapeutique complémentaire en cancérologie, l’homéopathie est utilisée par 30 % des patients atteints de cancer dans une démarche uniquement intégrative. Le degré de satisfaction global des patients est très élevé, une amélioration est signalée dans plus de 66 % des cas pour les 10 principaux symptômes rencontrés en soins de support. Les meilleures indications sont celles pour lesquelles les réponses conventionnelles sont manquantes. L’absence de toxicité et d’interaction médicamenteuse (effets secondaires rares et spontanément réversibles), l’absence de perte de chance, de dépendance et d’accoutumance conduisent à une balance bénéfice/risque très favorable pour le médicament homéopathique. Conclusion : L’homéopathie est un élargissement de la thérapeutique médicale conventionnelle. Elle s’inscrit parfaitement dans l’interdisciplinarité d’une oncologie intégrative mettant le patient au coeur du système de soin. L’amélioration de la qualité de vie et la diminution des effets secondaires permet une meilleure tolérance et observance des traitements du cancer. Des études devraient être menées pour comparer la qualité de vie mais aussi le taux de survie global avec ou sans traitement complémentaire homéopathique.Introduction: As part of its mission to evaluate homeopathic medicine, the High Authority for Health has launched a request for contributions. The International Homeopathic Society for Supportive Care in Oncology (SHISSO) has been selected as a learned society. Method: An 8-member working group of SHISSO, made up of homeopathic doctors, pharmacists and oncologists specialising in homeopathy, answered each of the 5 questions asked by the HAS. We relied on existing scientific literature and our experience as clinicians. Results: As the foremost complementary therapy in oncology, homeopathy is used by 30% of cancer patients in a wholly integrative approach. The overall degree of satisfaction of the patients is very high; an improvement is reported in more than 66% of cases for the 10 main symptoms encountered in supportive care. The best indications are those for which there exist no conventional responses. The absence of toxicity and drug interaction (rare and spontaneously reversible side effects), the absence of loss of opportunity, of dependence and addiction lead to a very favourable risk/benefit balance for homeopathic medicines. Conclusion: Homeopathy is an extension of conventional medical therapy. It fits perfectly within the interdisciplinary nature of integrative oncology, putting the patient at the heart of the care system. The improved quality of life and the decrease in side effects allow a better tolerance and observance of cancer treatments. Studies should be carried out to compare the overall survival rate with or without homeopathic complementary therapy

Apprivoiser l'hétérogénéité en informatique 1ère année

National audienceFace au constat d’une hétérogénéité grandissante des savoir-faire et connaissances en informatique des étudiants à l’arrivée en première année, et le risque de son exacerbation dans le contexte du « nouveau bac », nous avons voulu expérimenter une approche pédagogique, qui permette une gestion de cette hétérogénéité tout en respectant les contraintes d’un emploi du temps homogène et un coût constant. Les actions menées s’articulent autour de 4 pôles : la constitution de groupes de niveau, avec une attention particulière portée sur les 2 niveaux extrêmes (renforcement et avancé/en autonomie), la mise en place de QCMs réguliers, l’utilisation ponctuelle de l’Apprentissage Par Problème (APP), et un auto-positionnement. L’expérimentation est encore en cours, mais déjà de premiers éléments permettent d’ouvrir les échanges

Correction à Ephemeris Epigraphica, VIII, n. 632

Leschi Louis. Correction à Ephemeris Epigraphica, VIII, n. 632. In: Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire, tome 40, 1923. pp. 207-217

Empreintes digitales chez quelques peuples d'Afrique occidentale française

Leschi J. Empreintes digitales chez quelques peuples d'Afrique occidentale française. In: Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, IX° Série. Tome 9, 1948. pp. 143-150