Asignación, distribución y uso de los ingresos fiscales derivados de la explotación minera en Chile: un análisis de sus efectos económicos y sociales

El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si existieron “buenas prácticas fiscales” en la regulación minera de Chile durante el período 2000-2020. Uno de los desafíos de la economía chilena es lograr una administración eficaz de los flujos de ingresos fiscales provenientes de la explotación minera y, a su vez, conseguir efectos derrame que permitan desarrollar la economía de forma sostenible. Por un lado, en este trabajo se intenta averiguar si la administración de dichos recursos fiscales ha contribuido a generar ciertas mejoras económicas y sociales en el país. Por otro lado, se analizan la generación, asignación, distribución y uso de los recursos fiscales provenientes de la minería en los distintos sectores y niveles de gobierno. En concreto, se investiga si la utilización de estos recursos fiscales ha contribuido a mejorar el desempeño macroeconómico, reducir las desigualdades económicas, fomentar la generación e implementación de políticas públicas de tipo social, impulsar la inversión pública agregada o disminuir las disparidades de ingresos fiscales entre las regiones.Introducción .-- I. El rol de la minería en la economía chilena .-- II. Ingresos fiscales del sector minero en Chile .-- III. El marco institucional y regulatorio de la minería en Chile .-- IV. Evolución de la composición del gasto público en Chile .-- V. Asignación e impacto de los recursos fiscales provenientes de la minería en Chile. A. Efectos macroeconómicos de la fiscalidad sobre los recursos mineros en Chile – Modelos VAR. B. Impacto fiscal de la distribución territorial de los recursos fiscales provientes de la minería en Chile .-- VI. Resumen y lecciones de política

Incertidumbre del tipo de cambio y exportaciones de cereales: una aproximación de panel VA

This paper empirically investigates the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on cereals export flows for a broad sample of 75 countries during the 2010/01 - 2016/12 period. To do this, we first estimate the exchange rate volatility, and then, we estimate the cereals export demand by using a panel data model with autoregressive vectors (P-VAR). This strategy of analysis is applied over different groups of countries, which are obtained by cluster analysis based on the level of exchange rate volatility and the volume of cereals exports. The empirical results suggest a significant negative effect of exchange rate uncertainty on cereals exports in countries characterized by high and persistent exchange rate volatility or high volume of cereals exportsEn el presente documento se investiga empíricamente el efecto de la incertidumbre del tipo de cambio en los flujos de exportación de cereales para una amplia muestra de 75 países durante el período 2010/01 - 2016/12. Para ello, primero estimamos la volatilidad del tipo de cambio, y luego, estimamos la demanda de exportación de cereales utilizando un modelo de datos de panel con vectores auto-regresivos (P-VAR). Esta estrategia de análisis se aplica a diferentes grupos de países, que se obtienen mediante un análisis de conglomerados basado en el nivel de volatilidad del tipo de cambio y el volumen de las exportaciones de cereales. Los resultados empíricos sugieren un efecto negativo de la incertidumbre del tipo de cambio en las exportaciones de cereales en aquellos países caracterizados por una alta y persistente volatilidad del tipo de cambio o un elevado volumen de exportaciones de cereale

Redistributive efficiency of fiscal policy : the role of decentralisation

This collection includes a selection of research by students of the PhD Program in Applied Economics (UAB) and the Master of Applied Research in Economics and Business (MAREB) - specialization in Applied EconomicsIn this paper, we empirically analyse redistributive efficiency of fiscal policy -instruments and their degree of decentralisation- and its determinants for a sample of thirty-five developed and developing countries over the 2000-2016 period. To do this, a two-stage procedure is followed. First, we estimate the redistributive efficiency of fiscal policy - taking into account size and decentralisation degree of cash transfers and direct taxes- by employing a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. We obtain evidence that efficiency varies across countries and -on average- has diminished over time. Yet, fiscal decentralisation might not play a role in efficiency. Second, a truncated regression analysis is used to identify the potential factors that might explain redistribution efficiency variation across countries and time. Our results show that efficiency is associated with having a non-federal political system, high government effectiveness and democratic accountability, low education inequality and the existence of debt fiscal rules

Testing regional intergovernmental transfers asymmetries in Uruguay

In this paper we seek to complement the scarce empirical evidence for middle-income countries about the effects of unconditional central government transfers on subnational fiscal behaviour. To this end, we have used an unbalanced panel of 18 Uruguayan regional governments from 1991 to 2016. Our database includes data from the regional budget and other sources of information, which allows us to investigate the role of political economy factors. The application of panel data techniques with the use of instrumental variables highlights the presence of a sizeable flypaper effect and a significant role of variables related with the political economy design of sub-national finances

Exchange Rate Uncertainty and Cereals Exports: A Panel VAR Approach

This paper empirically investigates the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on cereals export flows for a broad sample of 75 countries during the 2010/01 - 2016/12 period. To do this, we first estimate the exchange rate volatility, and then, we estimate the cereals export demand by using a panel data model with autoregressive vectors (P-VAR). This strategy of analysis is applied over different groups of countries, which are obtained by cluster analysis based on the level of exchange rate volatility and the volume of cereals exports. The empirical results suggest a significant negative effect of exchange rate uncertainty on cereals exports in countries characterized by high and persistent exchange rate volatility or high volume of cereals exports

Testing regional intergovernmental transfers asymmetries in Uruguay

In this paper we seek to complement the scarce empirical evidence for middle-income countries about the effects of unconditional central government transfers on subnational fiscal behaviour. To this end, we have used an unbalanced panel of 18 Uruguayan regional governments from 1991 to 2016. Our database includes data from the regional budget and other sources of information, which allows us to investigate the role of political economy factors. The application of panel data techniques with the use of instrumental variables highlights the presence of a sizeable flypaper effect and a significant role of variables related with the political economy design of sub-national finances

On the redistributive efficiency of fiscal policy

This article analyses the redistributive efficiency of public spending and taxation in a panel of both advanced and developing economies during the last three decades (1984-2012). In order to explore how redistribution is achieved through fiscal policies, a two-stage approach is applied. First, we evaluate the redistributive efficiency of public spending and taxes by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and obtain considerable variation in redistributive efficiency scores across countries. Second, we use panel truncated and OLS regression analysis to identify the determinants of these differences and reveal the crucial role of economic development, government quality and demographic factors

On the redistributive efficiency of fiscal policy

This article analyses the redistributive efficiency of public spending and taxation in a panel of both advanced and developing economies during the last three decades (1984-2012). In order to explore how redistribution is achieved through fiscal policies, a two-stage approach is applied. First, we evaluate the redistributive efficiency of public spending and taxes by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and obtain considerable variation in redistributive efficiency scores across countries. Second, we use panel truncated and OLS regression analysis to identify the determinants of these differences and reveal the crucial role of economic development, government quality and demographic factors

On the redistributive efficiency of fiscal policy

This article analyses the redistributive efficiency of public spending and taxation in a panel of 28 OECD economies during the period 1995-2010. In order to explore how redistribution is achieved through fiscal policies, a two-stage approach is applied. First, we evaluate the redistributive efficiency of public spending and taxation by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and obtain considerable variation in redistributive efficiency scores across countries. Second, we use panel regression analysis to identify the determinants of these differences and reveal the crucial role of factors capturing the capacity of public officials to design and implement redistributive policies, and political economy factors potentially affecting the redistributive profile of fiscal policies

Construction Corrupts: Empirical Evidence from a Panel of 42 Countries

The construction sector, whether privately or publically financed, is characterized by potentially large rents and government intervention. Not surprisingly then, both case-study and survey evidence has been provided highlighting the problem of corruption in this sector. In this article, we test the proposition that a bigger construction sector is likely to be inimical to clean government based on a panel of 42 countries over the period 1995 to 2011. We control for a range of potentially counfounding variables and the expectation that corrupt public officials may favor the development of this sector because it increases the volume of rents available to them. Our empirical evidence shows that a larger construction sector will tend to worsen perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain