Impact of Predator Exclusion and Habitat on Seroprevalence of New World Orthohantavirus Harbored by Two Sympatric Rodents within the Interior Atlantic Forest

Understanding how perturbations to trophic interactions influence virus–host dynamics is essential in the face of ongoing biodiversity loss and the continued emergence of RNA viruses and their associated zoonoses. Herein, we investigated the role of predator exclusion on rodent communities and the seroprevalence of hantaviruses within the Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú (RNBM), which is a protected area of the Interior Atlantic Forest (IAF). In the IAF, two sympatric rodent reservoirs, Akodon montensis and Oligoryzomys nigripes, harbor Jaborá and Juquitiba hantavirus (JABV, JUQV), respectively. In this study, we employed two complementary methods for predator exclusion: comprehensive fencing and trapping/removal. The goal of exclusion was to preclude the influence of predation on small mammals on the sampling grids and thereby potentially reduce rodent mortality. Following baseline sampling on three grid pairs with different habitats, we closed the grids and began predator removal. By sampling three habitat types, we controlled for habitat-specific effects, which is important for hantavirus–reservoir dynamics in neotropical ecosystems. Our six-month predator exclusion experiment revealed that the exclusion of terrestrial mammalian predators had little influence on the rodent community or the population dynamics of A. montensis and O. nigripes. Instead, fluctuations in species diversity and species abundances were influenced by sampling session and forest degradation. These results suggest that seasonality and landscape composition play dominant roles in the prevalence of hantaviruses in rodent reservoirs in the IAF ecosystem

Habitat, species richness and hantaviruses of sigmodontine rodents within the Interior Atlantic Forest, Paraguay

<div><p>Four of the nine sigmodontine tribes have species that serve as reservoirs of rodent-borne hantaviruses (RBO-HV), few have been studied in any depth. Several viruses have been associated with human cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome often through peridomestic exposure. Jabora (JABV) and Juquitiba (JUQV), harbored by <i>Akodon montensis</i> and <i>Oligoryzomys nigripes</i>, respectively, are endemic and sympatric in the Reserva Natural de Bosque Mbaracayú (RNBM), Paraguay, a protected area of the Interior Atlantic Forest. Rodent communities were surveyed along a 30 km stretch of the RNBM in eight vegetation classifications (Low, High, Bamboo, Riparian and Liana Forests, Bamboo Understory, Cerrado, and Meadow/Grasslands). We collected 417 rodents from which 11 species were identified; <i>Akodon montensis</i> was the predominant species (72%; 95%CI: 64.7%-76.3%), followed by <i>Hylaeamys megacephalus</i> (15% (11.2%-18.2%)) and <i>Oligoryzomys nigripes</i> (9% (6.6%-12.4%)). We examined the statistical associations among habitat (vegetation class) type, rodent species diversity, population structure (age, sex, and weight), and prevalence of RBO-HV antibody and/or viral RNA (Ab/RNA) or characteristic <i>Leishmania</i> tail lesions. Ab/RNA positive rodents were not observed in Cerrado and Low Forest. <i>A</i>. <i>montensis</i> had an overall Ab/RNA prevalence of 7.7% (4.9%-11.3%) and <i>O</i>. <i>nigripes</i> had an overall prevalence of 8.6% (1.8%-23.1%). For <i>A</i>. <i>montensis</i>, the odds of being Ab/RNA positive in High Forest was 3.73 times of the other habitats combined. There was no significant difference among age classes in the proportion of Ab/RNA positive rodents overall (p = 0.66), however, all 11 RNA-positive individuals were adult. Sex and habitat had independent prognostic value for hantaviral Ab/RNA in the study population; age, presence of tail scar/lesion (19% of the rodents) and weight did not. Adjusting for habitat, female rodents had less risk of becoming infected. Importantly, these data suggest habitat preferences of two sympatric rodent reservoirs for two endemic hantaviruses and the importance of including habitat in models of species diversity and habitat fragmentation.</p></div

Contabilidad - CP38 201801

Descripción: El curso Contabilidad brinda al estudiante los aspectos básicos contables; así como, sus principales fundamentos y técnicas, que les permita estar en capacidad de comprender el alcance de la información financiera de las empresas, que es considerada como uno de los principales recursos de las empresas para la toma de decisiones. Propósito: El curso Contabilidad es un curso obligatorio, de la especialidad de Contabilidad y en general, de las carreras de la Facultad de Negocios. Es un curso teórico-práctico dirigido a los estudiantes de segundo ciclo, que brinda las herramientas necesarias que ayudarán al mejor entendimiento de cursos subsiguientes y desarrolla la I. INFORMACIÓN GENERAL CURSO : Contabilidad CÓDIGO : CP38 CICLO : 201801 CUERPO ACADÉMICO : Avilés Valdez, José Roberto Cabana Huamani, Henry Canelo Vásquez, Sabino Pablo Cruzado Ribeyro, Anita Justina Diaz Cubas, Zaira Andrea Escriba Marcelo, Yessela Victoria Lau Rebolledo, Juan Eduardo Laynes López, José José Lockuan Silva, Héctor Alfonso Marañón Winder, Domingo Leonardo Mendoza Ibarra, Veronica Oviedo Álvarez, Gustavo Adolfo Paiva Cruz, Rosaura Venecia Torres Guillén, Fany Patricia Valdivieso Virhuez, Luis Guillermo Zuazo Valenzuela, Vanessa CRÉDITOS : 5 SEMANAS : 10 HORAS : 10 H (Teoría) Semanal ÁREA O CARRERA : Contabilidad II. MISIÓN Y VISIÓN DE LA UPC Misión: Formar líderes íntegros e innovadores con visión global para que transformen el Perú. Visión: Ser líder en la educación superior por su excelencia académica y su capacidad de innovación. 2 competencia general de Razonamiento Cuantitativo; y la competencia específica de Gestión Comercial, ambas a nivel 1

Representative photographs of lesions identified in rodents at the base of the tail.

<p>Photographs from adult, male mice are shown; TK184522 and TK 184221 are <i>Akodon montensis</i>, and TK184717 is <i>Nectomys rattus</i>. Enlarged view of lesions are shown for TK184521 and TK184717.</p

Distribution of IFA Reciprocal titers in rodent reservoir species of JABV and JUQV.

<p>Distribution of IFA Reciprocal titers in rodent reservoir species of JABV and JUQV.</p

Overall hantaviral (HV) Ab/RNA status and Shannon diversity in captured rodents by line.

<p>Overall hantaviral (HV) Ab/RNA status and Shannon diversity in captured rodents by line.</p

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of S segment of sequences from <i>A</i>. <i>montensis</i> and <i>O</i>. <i>nigripes</i>.

<p>Sequences from rodent lung specimens TK121843 TK184699, TK121861, TK184686 and TK184709 and GenBank references were analyzed using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the General Time Reversible model [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0201307#pone.0201307.ref043" target="_blank">43</a>]. Reference sequences are shown with their GenBank reference number, virus and country from which they were isolated. The tree with the highest log likelihood (-1374.9790) is shown. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown next to the branches. Initial tree(s) for the heuristic search were obtained automatically by applying Neighbor-Join and BioNJ algorithms to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using the Maximum Composite Likelihood (MCL) approach, and then selecting the topology with superior log likelihood value. A discrete Gamma distribution was used to model evolutionary rate differences among sites (5 categories (+<i>G</i>, parameter = 0.2861)). The rate variation model allowed for some sites to be evolutionarily invariable ([+<i>I</i>], 0.0010% sites). The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. The analysis involved 14 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd. There was a total of 251 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA7.</p

Univariate association of sex, age, weight, habitat and characteristic tail scar with hantaviral Ab/RNA in captured rodents.

<p>Univariate association of sex, age, weight, habitat and characteristic tail scar with hantaviral Ab/RNA in captured rodents.</p

Study region of RNBM highlighting locations of transects and habitat type.

<p>Land cover types shown for a corridor through RNBM (inset shows an outline of the park and transect location) in which the trapping sites were located. Vegetation classes were derived from Naidoo and Hill, 2006.</p

<i>Akodon montensis</i> sampled in RNBM by age, sex, and Ab/RNA prevalence.

<p><i>Akodon montensis</i> sampled in RNBM by age, sex, and Ab/RNA prevalence.</p