Copy of Deed Number 8 for 186,223 acres of land

Copy of Deed Number 8 for 186,223 acres of land to William Bingham from the Committee to sell and dispose of the unappropriated Lands in the Counties of York, Cumberland, Lincoln, Hancock, and Washingtonhttps://digitalmaine.com/bingham_purchase/1010/thumbnail.jp

Copy of Deed Number 3 for 138,240 acres of land

Copy of Deed Number 3 for 138,240 acres of land to William Bingham from the Committee to sell and dispose of the unappropriated Lands in the Counties of York, Cumberland, Lincoln, Hancock, and Washingtonhttps://digitalmaine.com/bingham_purchase/1005/thumbnail.jp

Copy of Deed Number 7 for 138,240 acres of land

Copy of Deed Number 7 for 138,240 acres of land to William Bingham from the Committee to sell and dispose of the unappropriated Lands in the Counties of York, Cumberland, Lincoln, Hancock, and Washingtonhttps://digitalmaine.com/bingham_purchase/1009/thumbnail.jp

Copy of Deed Number 1 for 135,922 acres of land

Copy of Deed Number 1 for 135,922 acres of land to William Bingham from the Committee to sell and dispose of the unappropriated Lands in the Counties of York, Cumberland, Lincoln, Hancock, and Washingtonhttps://digitalmaine.com/bingham_purchase/1003/thumbnail.jp

Copy of Deed Number 4 for 130,640 acres of land

Copy of Deed Number 4 for 130,640 acres of land to William Bingham from the Committee to sell and dispose of the unappropriated Lands in the Counties of York, Cumberland, Lincoln, Hancock, and Washingtonhttps://digitalmaine.com/bingham_purchase/1006/thumbnail.jp

Copy of Deed Number 9 for 142,541 acres of land

Copy of Deed Number 9 for 142,541 acres of land to William Bingham from the Committee to sell and dispose of the unappropriated Lands in the Counties of York, Cumberland, Lincoln, Hancock, and Washingtonhttps://digitalmaine.com/bingham_purchase/1011/thumbnail.jp

An ecophysiological study of the effects of changes in salinity and temperature on the distribution of Macrobrachium Petersi (Hilgendorf) in the Keiskamma river and estuary

Summary: The distribution of adult, juvenile, post larval and larval Macrobrachium petersi (Hilgendorf) was studied in relation to temperature and salinity in the Keiskamma river and estuary from May 1979 to May 1981. M. petersi is a subtropical species, which confined activity of all stages in the field to the summer months. Variable freshwater discharge and tidal effects determined the salinity and temperature profiles in the middle and upper reaches of the Keiskamma estuary. Thus, a dry 1979/80 summer and a wet 1980/81 summer markedly influenced the abundance and distribution of adult M. petersi in the river and estuary respectively. Adult M. petersi migrate to the estuary under flooding conditions and upstream in response to elevated salinities. Although M. petersi has nine larval stages only a preponderance of stage I were caught in the field. These portray a distinct nocturnal and diurnal distribution pattern which is influenced by salinity, especially under stratified conditions. After flooding the larvae show an affinity for salt front regions and reach these by remaining in the water column on the ebbing tide. A substantial drop in abundance downstream from the salt front suggests that the larvae loose their planktonic phase which is an effective retention mechanism, and confines larval development to the middle and upper reaches of the estuary. Post larvae were caught towards the end of the 1981 breeding season which indicates that complete larval development takes place in the estuary. A post larval migration to freshwater, which reaches a peak in February and March, was monitored. Thus both the freshwater and estuarine environments form an inseparable link in the life cycle of M. petersi. The distribution of stage I larvae in the Keiskamma estuary suggested that salinity played a role in development. The fact that other larval stages were not found emphasised the necessity for a quantitative laboratory investigation to determine the importance of salinity in the developmental history of M. petersi larvae and post larvae. However, the modifying influence of temperature could not be ignored so a multivariable approach was adopted. This, together with a surface response technique, aided the interpretation of the effect of a variety of combinations of salinity and temperature on ecdysis to stage II, larval survival and requirements for metamorphosis to post larvae. It was estimated that the minimum salinity requirement for complete larval development, within a temperature range from 18 to 30⁰C was 8%₀, although ecdysis to stage II and metamorphosis to post larvae could occur in salinities less than this value. Despite the euryhalinity of the larvae, the behaviour of adult M. petersi to an increase in salinity and the affinity of stage I larvae to salt front regions restricted development to the upper reaches of the estuary. This is discussed as an adaptation which not only ensures retention within the estuary but favours recruitment to the adult population in freshwater. The osmoregulatory patterns of larval, post larval, juvenile and adult M. petersi correlated with their distribution. These were approximated by a cubic polynomial which enabled the different patterns to be compared. The larval stages investigated (I, II, V & IX) displayed a remarkable capacity to regulate which was strongest in stage I as these could regulate in both freshwater and 35%₀. The ability to regulate in freshwater was lost hereafter but regained in the post larvae, which also regulated in 35%₀. Juveniles (caught at the ebb and flow) displayed a similar regulatory pattern to the adults and "hyposmoconformed" in salinities beyond the isosmotic point as the need to regulate in 35%₀ was no longer necessary. The osmoregulatory capacity of M. petersi larvae in relation to other decapod larvae is discussed. Marine transport of the euryhaline larval and post larval stages accounts for the distribution of M. petersi along the South African coastline. However, south of 31°S latitude the sea-surface temperature decreases abruptly. This region coincides with the southern limit of the distribution of M. petersi. Although larval M. petersi can tolerate high salinity (35%₀) in combination with low temperature, the post larvae cannot, which is likely to account for their restricted southern distribution. The genus Macrobrachium are in the process of invading freshwater. The possible course that this might have taken has been discussed in the light of available evidence as well as the findings of this study

Shadowing the rotating annulus. Part II: Gradient descent in the perfect model scenario

Shadowing trajectories are model trajectories consistent with a sequence of observations of a system, given a distribution of observational noise. The existence of such trajectories is a desirable property of any forecast model. Gradient descent of indeterminism is a well-established technique for finding shadowing trajectories in low-dimensional analytical systems. Here we apply it to the thermally-driven rotating annulus, a laboratory experiment intermediate in model complexity and physical idealisation between analytical systems and global, comprehensive atmospheric models. We work in the perfect model scenario using the MORALS model to generate a sequence of noisy observations in a chaotic flow regime. We demonstrate that the gradient descent technique recovers a pseudo-orbit of model states significantly closer to a model trajectory than the initial sequence. Gradient-free descent is used, where the adjoint model is set to $\lambda$I in the absence of a full adjoint model. The indeterminism of the pseudo-orbit falls by two orders of magnitude during the descent, but we find that the distance between the pseudo-orbit and the initial, true, model trajectory reaches a minimum and then diverges from truth. We attribute this to the use of the $\lambda$-adjoint, which is well suited to noise reduction but not to finely-tuned convergence towards a model trajectory. We find that $\lambda=0.25$ gives optimal results, and that candidate model trajectories begun from this pseudo-orbit shadow the observations for up to 80 s, about the length of the longest timescale of the system, and similar to expected shadowing times based on the distance between the pseudo-orbit and the truth. There is great potential for using this method with real laboratory data.Comment: This paper was originally prepared for submission in 2011; but, after Part I was not accepted, it was not submitted. It has not been peer-reviewed. We no longer have the time or resources to work on this topic, but would like this record of our work to be available for others to read, cite, and follow up. 22 pages, 11 figure

Perilaku Bragama Masyarakat Marjinal di Kelurahan Mappala Kecamatan Rappocini Kota Makassar

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa strategi bertahan hidup masyarakat marjinal khususnya yang berprofesi sebagai pemulung, tukang bentor dan petugas kebersihan diantaranya mengurangi pengeluaran dalam rumah tangga, melibatkan anggota keluarga untuk memenuhi kebutuhan ekonomi dan mencari pinjaman biasanya dengan orang-orang terdekat mereka. Perilaku beragama kaum marjinal sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor ekonomi dan jika dipandang dari segi pelakasanaan ibadahnya dalam hal ini shalat dan kurangnya kesadaran akan pentingnya shalat diakibatkan oleh pemahaman keagamaan yang mereka pahami masih jauh dari kesempurnaan