The national security argument for protection of domestic industries

Tracing the origin of the national security argument for protection of domestic industries to Adam Smith, Alexander Hamilton, and Friedrich List, we study its post-GATT applications with reference to Article XXI of the WTO. We compare the use of tariff, production/input subsidy, and government procurement as alternative instruments of protection from the perspective of economic efficiency and study the disapproval of inward FDI to gain insights into the underlying national security concerns. The case studies of a) the US tariffs on aluminum and steel, b) German disapproval of the acquisition of a technology firm Leifeld Metal Spinning by a Chinese firm, and c) US’ all out global effort to cripple China’s telecom equipment giant Huawei are presented for illustration

Energy Justice in Dhaka's Slums

Access to energy is widely acknowledged to be a fundamental determinant of human wellbeing and a key element of poverty alleviation. The UN Sustainable Development Goal SDG7, target 1 demands that by 2030, we are to ‘ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services.’ This is an exceptionally ambitious aspiration, given that around one billion people live without electricity and about three billion, most of whom reside in the global South, depend on cooking with solid fuels. Research on the challenges of universal energy access for the urban poor has potential to contribute to substantial quality-of-life improvements for a vast population. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex and inequitable socio-technical infrastructures underlying access to energy for households in particularly challenging environments, the slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The nascent energy justice debate is far from comprehensive at this stage of its development, with a deficiency in studies in the global South and for household scale analyses. Scholarship to date is largely situated in the North and presents global or national scale principles. An understanding of the concepts around particularities of cities of the global South developed in the Southern urban critique provides an informative entry point for energy justice deliberations relating to informal settlements in poor cities. Through engaging with the capability approach, this thesis develops a detailed appreciation of the effects of energy injustices on households and individuals in a case study slum, Kalyanpur Pora Bostee in Dhaka. In these terms, this thesis opens a new dialogue between energy justice, the capability approach, and the Southern urban critique to develop a new framework for energy justice – a framework designed specifically for urban poverty conditions in the global South. The framework presents key principles for energy justice in this environment, and maps relationships and dependencies between those principles

EMPLOYMENT TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS FOR MINNESOTA AND ITS SUBSTATE DEVELOPMENT REGIONS

Labor and Human Capital,

Complete Minors in Complements of Non-Separating Planar Graphs

We prove that the complement of any non-separating planar graph of order $2n-3$ contains a $K_n$ minor, and argue that the order $2n-3$ is lowest possible with this property. To illustrate the necessity of the non-separating hypothesis, we give an example of a planar graph of order 11 whose complement does not contain a $K_7$ minor. We argue that the complements of planar graphs of order 11 are intrinsically knotted. We compute the Hadwiger numbers of complements of wheel graphs.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figure

Hellas basin, Mars: Formation by oblique impact

Hellas, a 2,000-km-diameter, roughly circular multiring impact basin in the southern highlands of Mars, has a pronounced southeastern lobe of rim material that extends for some 1,500 km. This lobe and a system of ridges concentric to the southern part of the basin (including part of the lobe) were interpreted to be formed by an oblique impact that was inclined in the direction of the lobe. Our preliminary geologic mapping of the Hellas region (lat -20 to -65 deg, long 250 to 320 deg) at 1:5,000,000 scale gives this hypothesis additional supporting evidence, including a symmetric distribution of basin ejecta and volcanic centers across the inferred trend of the impact. Furthermore, measurements of relief indicate that the downrange ejecta may be about twice as thick as they are elsewhere around the rim

Making Sense of "Apportionment" in Patent Damages

Unreasonably large damages awards in patent litigation have been an important force in motivating the movement for patent reform. "Apportionment" has found support as a solution to problem damages awards. Under apportionment, the portion of the overall value of the product that is "attributable" to the patented technology is identified. Then, reasonable royalty damages are calculated with reference to this apportioned value of the patented technology rather than the overall value of the product. While the problems that have motivated the apportionment movement are real and serious, apportionment makes sense as a solution only under the assumption that an economically invalid approach to calculating damages is being taken in the first place. A more sensible solution is to require litigants to take an economically valid approach to damages. In addition, when there are complementarities between assets, such that the combined use of two or more assets is worth more than their individual use, no unique way exists to apportion the overall value of the product among the assets (including the patented technology at issue), rendering apportionment infeasible in many cases. We consider these and other issues that surround apportionment