Long-term care workforce : employment and working conditions

L'Alejandro Godino ha estat l'investigador del QUIT que ha fet la contribució per a Espanya (veure pàgina 73)The long-term care (LTC) sector employs a growing share of workers in the EU and is experiencing increasing staff shortages. The LTC workforce is mainly female and a relatively large and increasing proportion is aged 50 years or older. Migrants are often concentrated in certain LTC jobs. This report maps the LTC workforce's working conditions and the nature of employment and role of collective bargaining in the sector. It also discusses policies to make the sector more attractive, combat undeclared work and improve the situation of a particularly vulnerable group of LTC workers: live-in carers. The report ends with a discussion and policy pointers on addressing expected staff shortages and the challenges around working conditions

Asimiliacijos prielaidos ir mokyklos pasirinkimas: pirmokų tėvų grupių palyginimas

The article assesses social aspects of ethnicity through analysis of differences exhibited by those who choose different primary schools (there are sectors of educational system in Lithuania that differ in language of instruction – Lithuanian, Russian, or Polish) for their children. On the basis of 2005 survey data, the groups of parents are found to differ with regard to basic social characteristics. Assimilation prospects are seen as related to strategies of social mobility. It is concluded that school cannot be considered an independent factor in assimilation process. The choice of a school is the result of parents’ integration and of their assimilative attitudes rather than the other way round. Having assessed ethnic diversity of first-graders’ parents, the conclusion is made that the Russian language as such and schools with instruction in Russian tend to accommodate a larger share and spectrum of the non-Lithuanian population than the analogous Lithuanian institutes.Straipsnio paskirtis – įvertinti socialinius etniškumo ypatumus, kuriais pasižymi skirtingus švietimo sektorius (t.y. mokyklas pagal skirtingą dėstymo kalbą) pasirenkantys žmonės. Ávertinus pamatinius socialinius demografinius bruožus pagal 2005 m. apklausos duomenis, pirmokų tėvų grupės skiriasi savo socialine padėtimi. Prielaidos asimiliacijai siejamos su socialinio mobilumo strategija. Teigiama, jog mokyklos pasirinkimas yra integracijos ir asimiliacinių nuostatų išraiška, o ne asimiliacijos veiksnys: pirmiau įvyksta būsimų pirmokų tėvų integracija į lietuvišką socialinę terpę, o tik po to renkamasi mokyklą. Etninės kilmės įvairumo tarp Lietuvos pirmokų analizė atskleidžia, jog rusų kalba ir rusiška mokykla integruoja platesnį spektrą nelietuviškos populiacijos negu analogiški lietuviškieji institutai

Values and social minorities

The article comments on the value survey data from Lithuania regarding the tolerance and minorities. The aspects discussed are the evaluation of the idea of tolerance (as a trait to be nurtured in children); intolerance to specific social categories (expressed in the list of unwanted neighbours); the influence of ethnicity on the answers and attitudes to immigration. The analysis confirms the conclusion of former EVS that general idea of tolerance does not correlate with situational tolerance of specific categories. The most unwanted neighbours appear to be 'socially problematic' groups (such as drug addicts, alcoholics). Various identity categories are tolerated differently (gypsies being mentioned most often), but the attitudes towards identity groups were quite stable over the last decade. The intolerance to (political) extremists significantly decreased and a slight decrease in avoidance of homosexuals and AIDS bearers was observed. The specific tolerance-related factor appears to be the interpersonal trust: the 'socially problematic' being disliked in spite of trust, and homosexuals and AIDS being evaluated largely in accordance to the general trust/distrust. In the survey, major ethnicities expressed similar views on most issues. The data reveals that there are no significant differences between minorities and majority regarding the loyalty to the state. The ethnic closeness in interpersonal relations seems to be stronger among the Lithuanians, who are also slightly stricter on limiting the immigration

Preconditions of assimilation and the choice of school : comparison between groups of parents of the first grades

Straipsnio paskirtis – įvertinti socialinius etniškumo ypatumus, kuriais pasižymi skirtingus švietimo sektorius (t.y. mokyklas pagal skirtingą dėstymo kalbą) pasirenkantys žmonės. Įvertinus pamatinius socialinius demografinius bruožus pagal 2005 m. apklausos duomenis, pirmokų tėvų grupės skiriasi savo socialine padėtimi. Prielaidos asimiliacijai siejamos su socialinio mobilumo strategija. Teigiama, jog mokyklos pasirinkimas yra integracijos ir asimiliacinių nuostatų išraiška, o ne asimiliacijos veiksnys: pirmiau įvyksta būsimų pirmokų tėvų integracija į lietuvišką socialinę terpę, o tik po to renkamasi mokyklą. Etninės kilmės įvairumo tarp Lietuvos pirmokų analizė atskleidžia, jog rusų kalba ir rusiška mokykla integruoja platesnį spektrą nelietuviškos populiacijos negu analogiški lietuviškieji institutai.The article assesses social aspects of ethnicity through analysis of differences exhibited by those who choose different primary schools (by language of teaching: Lithuanian, Russian or Polish) for their children. On the basis of survey data of 2005, the groups of parents are found to differ with regard to basic social characteristics. Assimilation prospects are seen as related to strategies of social mobility. It is concluded that school cannot be considered an independent factor in assimilation process. The choice of a school is the result of parents’ integration and of their assimilative attitudes rather than the other way round. Having assessed ethnic diversity of first-graders’ parents, the conclusion is made that the Russian language as such and schools, where children are taught in Russian tend to accommodate a larger share and spectrum of the non-Lithuanian population than the analogous Lithuanian institutes

Perception of discrimination in Lithuanian society

The article addresses the methodological aspects of discrimination research in Lithuania. On the basis of data of a 2008 representative survey of Lithuania’s residents, the following aspects of discrimination are analysed extensively: social distance among different social groups, the level of perceived discrimination and the ability to react to manifestations of discrimination. The variety of indicators applied enables authors to disclose the sensitivity of Lithuanian society to the differences in social status that have been hardly investigated so far. Also, it discloses a stable attitudinal hierarchy that justifies the unequal treatment of certain social categories