“Too Happy for Letter-Writing:” Irresolute and Distracted Suitors in Mansfield Park

This paper uses a new historical lens to examine the following question: In what ways do Jane Austen’s male characters adhere to or resist eighteenth century letter writing conventions, and what motivations associated with eighteenth century masculinity influence the content and import of their letters? I juxtapose Austen’s novels and the letters within them with non-literary texts such as conduct books written in epistolary form and eighteenth century letter writing manuals, which contain sample letters that serve as models for correspondence. My paper focuses on the novel Mansfield Park with an emphasis on Edmund Bertram and Henry Crawford’s letters. I argue that, because letters are linked to the performance of masculine duty and rituals of courtship, Edmund and Henry’s letters, or Austen\u27s strategic omission of their letters, demonstrate their undermined masculine status. Edmund’s letter writing reveals that he is simply a conflicted hero, and Henry’s manipulation of and disregard for conventions of letter writing reveals that he is a conniving and ungentlemanly character. Austen seems to suggest that an ideal masculine figure is one who upholds a traditional and upright British masculinity, yet who can also express his feelings. Letters offer the perfect medium through which her male characters can negotiate this. Henry Crawford fails to achieve this ideal because he does not respect the epistolary convention and consequently fails to negotiate his feelings for Fanny. Edmund’s letter to Fanny demonstrates both his ability to write his feelings and his faith in Fanny, which he eventually recognizes as love, and he reclaims his masculine ideal in his union with her

U.S. Food Aid and Agricultural Cargo Preference Policy

Replaced with revised version of paper 07/20/10.Food Aid Policy, Cargo Preference, Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty,

Buoyant gravity currents along a sloping bottom in a rotating fluid

Author Posting. © Cambridge University Press, 2002. This article is posted here by permission of Cambridge University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Fluid Mechanics 464 (2002): 251-278, doi:10.1017/S0022112002008868.The dynamics of buoyant gravity currents in a rotating reference frame is a classical problem relevant to geophysical applications such as river water entering the ocean. However, existing scaling theories are limited to currents propagating along a vertical wall, a situation almost never realized in the ocean. A scaling theory is proposed for the structure (width and depth), nose speed and flow field characteristics of buoyant gravity currents over a sloping bottom as functions of the gravity current transport Q, density anomaly g[prime prime or minute], Coriolis frequency f, and bottom slope [alpha]. The nose propagation speed is cp [similar] cw/ (1 + cw/c[alpha]) and the width of the buoyant gravity current is Wp [similar] cw/ f(1 + cw/c[alpha]), where cw = (2Qg[prime prime or minute] f)1/4 is the nose propagation speed in the vertical wall limit (steep bottom slope) and c[alpha] = [alpha]g/f is the nose propagation speed in the slope-controlled limit (small bottom slope). The key non-dimensional parameter is cw/c[alpha], which indicates whether the bottom slope is steep enough to be considered a vertical wall (cw/c[alpha] [rightward arrow] 0) or approaches the slope-controlled limit (cw/c[alpha] [rightward arrow] [infty infinity]). The scaling theory compares well against a new set of laboratory experiments which span steep to gentle bottom slopes (cw/c[alpha] = 0.11–13.1). Additionally, previous laboratory and numerical model results are reanalysed and shown to support the proposed scaling theory.This research was supported by NSF grant OCE-0095059

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the East Branch Brook metagabbroic dykes in the Sawyer Brook fault zone, Clarence Stream gold prospect, southwestern New Brunswick

The East Branch Brook (EBB) metagabbroic dykes, host to a portion of the Clarence Stream gold deposit, are situated within the contact metamorphic aureole of the Middle Devonian I-type Magaguadavic Granite on the northwestern margin of the post-orogenic Saint George Bathohth. They are highly deformed, light- (type I), intermediate- (type 2) to dark-coloured (type 3) dykes containing auriferous quartz veins that occupy brittle to ductile northeast-trending shear zones in shallow marine, hornfelsed, volcaniclastic, sedimentary rocks of the Silurian Waweig and Oak Bay formations. The shear zones parallel the regional structure as a result of proximity to the faulted boundary (Sawyer Brook fault) between the Ordovician St. Croix terrane to the northwest and the Silurian to Early Devonian Mascarcne Basin to the southeast. Geochemical studies of the EBB dykes indicate that three pulses (Fe-rich. intermediate, and Mg-rich) of subalkaline to slightly alkaline continental tholeiitc magmas were generated in a transpressional environment during the Early Silurian to Early Devonian Positive εNd values indicate their derivation from a partially depleted mantle source during faulting and nft-related events Although the geochemical data (Fe- and Ti-depletion) indicate calc-alkaline affinity for the nearby Bocabec intrusive complex, εNd values and primitive mantle-normalized spider diagram patterns are similar to those of the EBB dykes. In contrast, the St. Stephen Intrusion appears more primitive with within-plate tholeiitic to slightly alkalie affinity RÉSUMÉ Les dykes metagabbroïques du ruisseau East Branch, qui abritent une partie du gite aurifière dc Clarence Stream, sont situées à l'inténeur de 1'auréolc de métamorphismc de contact du granite du Dévonian moyen de type 1 de Magaguadavic sur la limite nord-ouest du batholithe postorogénique de Saint George. Il s'agit de dykes extrémemeni déformés de teinte pàle (type 1) et intermédiaire (type 2) à foncée (type 3) renfermant des filons de quartz aurifere qui occupent des zones de eisaillement cassantes à déformables, orientées ver\ Ic nord-est. dans des roches sédimcntaires volcanoclastiques à coméenncs marines peu profondes des formations silunennes de Wawcig el d'Oak Bay. La proximilé de la limite faillée (faille du runsseau Sawyer) entre le terrane ordovicien de St. Croix, au nord-ouest et le bassin du Silurien au Dévonien inférieur de Mascarenc. au sud-est, a amené les zones du eisaillement à longer parallélement la structure régionale. Des éludes géochimiques des dykes du ruisseau East Branch révèlent que trois impulsions (composante riche en Fer. composante intermédiaire et composante riche en Mg) de magmas tholéutiques continentaux, allant de subalcalins à légèrement alcalms sont survenues dans un environnement transpressionnel pendant la période du Silurien inferieur au Dévonien infèrieur. Les vateurs positives de εNd lémoignent de leur provenance d'un manteau particllement appauri pendant la formation de failles et des phénomènes apparcntes à une distension Même les données géeochimiques (appaurassement en Fe et en Ti) revèlent unc affinité calcoalcaline du complexe intrusif proche de Bocabec. les valeurs de εNd et les configurations de diagrammes en araignée normalisées du manteau primitif sont analogues a celles des dykes du ruisseau East Branch Par contre, l'intrusion de Saint Stephen semble plus primitive avec une affinite mira-plaques allant de tholénlique à légèrcment alcaline Traduit par la rédactio

On the Job Search and the Wage Distribution

Estimates of the structural parameters of a job separation model derived from the theory of on-the-job search are reported in this paper. Given that each employer pays the same wage to observably equivalent workers but wages are dispersed across employers, the theory implies that an employer's separation flow is the sum of an exogenous outflow unrelated to the wage paid and a job-to-job flow that decreases with the employer's wage. The specification estimated allows worker search effort to depend on the wage currently earned. The empirical results imply that search effort declines with the wage paid, as the theory predicts, using Danish IDA data for the years 1994-1995. Furthermore, the estimates for the full sample and four occupational sub-samples explain the employment effect, defined as the horizontal difference between the distribution of wages earned and the distribution of wages offered.

Petrology, geochemistry, and U-Pb (zircon) age of the quartz-feldspar porphyry dyke at the Lake George antimony mine, New Brunswick: implications for origin, emplacement process, and mineralization

A steeply west-dipping, north-northwest-trending, biotite-bearing quartz-feldspar porphyry dyke is associated with the Lake George granodiorite, a cupola of the Pokiok Batholith. These Early Devonian intrusions are spatially and temporally related to W-Mo-Au and Sb-Au mineralization in the area. The porphyry dyke yielded an age of 420.8 +5.9/-4.0 Ma (U-Pb zircon) and is inferred to be coeval with or slightly older than the Lake George granodiorite (412 +5/-4 Ma, U-Pb zircon). The variably altered dyke contains subhedral to anhedral (rounded) quartz, plagioclase, and orthoclase phenocrysts (0.5 to 30 mm; 30 to 60 vol. %), and numerous angular to subrounded xenoliths of altered intrusion carapace and quenched dyke rocks, as well as local Kingsclear Formation metasedimentary rocks. The dyke is similar to the Lake George granodiorite in phenocryst population, volcanic arc (I-type) affinity, average Zr (157 ppm), TiO2 (0.54 %), La/Yb ratio (13), and REE (129 ppm). The average Au content is lower in the dyke (20 ppb) than in the granodiorite (32 ppb), the abundance of gold is related to minor magmatic hydrothermal chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite (< 2 %). Based on textural evidence, including autobrecciation, coupled with rheological and thermal modeling calculations for the 5 m-wide dyke, it is suggested that fluidization (vapour exsolution) of the magma was key to its rapid emplacement as a quenched glass-gas mixture (tuffisite). The S abundance and S isotopic signature of the dyke, relative to Au and Cu abundance, support reduced I-type magmatic volatiles involved in dyke emplacement and cogenetic autometasomatic alteration. RÉSUMÉ Un dyke de porphyre quartzo-feldspathique renfermant de la biotite, orienté vers le nord-nord-ouest et s’inclinant abruptement vers l’ouest, est associé à la granodiorite du lac George, une coupole du magmatisme du batholite de Pokiok. Ces intrusions régionales du Dévonien précoce sont spatialement et temporellement apparentées à une minéralisation de W-Mo-Au et de Sb-Au dans le secteur. Le dyke de porphyre a accusé un âge de 420,8 +5,9/-4,0 Ma (U-Pb sur zircon) et on le suppose du même âge ou légèrement plus âgé que la granodiorite du lac George (412 +5/-4 Ma, U-Pb sur zircon). Le dyke altéré de façon variable abrite des phénocristaux hypautomorphes à allotriomorphes (arrondis) de quartz, de plagioclase et d’orthoclase (0,5 à 30 mm, 30 à 60 % en vol.) ainsi que de nombreux xénolites angulaires à subsphérique d’une carapace d’intrusion altérée et de roches de dykes noyées, en plus de roches métasédimentaires locales de la Formation de Kingsclear. Le dyke s’avère analogue à la granodiorite du lac George du point de vue de la population de phénocristaux, de l’affinité avec l’arc insulaire (de type intrusif), de la concentration moyenne de Zr (157 ppm), du TiO2 (0,54 %), du ratio de La/Yb (13) et des ÉTR (129 ppm). La teneur moyenne en Au est plus faible dans le dyke (20 parties par milliard) que dans la granodiorite (32 parties par milliard); son abondance est apparentée à la présence restreinte de chalcopyrite et de pyrrhotite hydrothermales magmatiques (< 2 %). Selon les indices texturaux, notamment l’autobréchification, conjugués à des calculs de modélisation rhéologique et thermale du dyke (5 m), on peut supposer que la fluidisation (exsolution à l’état de vapeur) du magma a contribué à sa mise en place rapide sous forme d’un mélange de verre-gaz (tuffisite) noyé. L’abondance de S et la signature isotopique du S du dyke, comparativement à l’abondance d’Au et de Cu, appuient la participation réduite d’éléments volatils magmatiques de type intrusif à la mise en place du dyke et à l’altération autométasomatique cogénétique. [Traduit par la rédaction