In the Cemetery of the Murdered Daughters: Ingeborg Bachmann\u27s Malina

Bachmann\u27s novel Malina is about the absence of a female voice. The unnamed female I of this novel defines herself with respect to two male figures. Malina is her Doppelgänger, the voice of male reason which women must assume if they wish to speak at all. In relationship to Ivan, her lover, the I constitutes herself as traditionally feminine and suffers the agonies of romantic love. Though evidently miserable, the I must represent herself as content with her position between these two men, simply inversions of one another. Yet the novel also contains another story of the I which cannot be given coherent narrative form, for there is no way to speak who she really is. In the middle section of the novel, entitled «The Third Man,» the I gives expression to her distress and pain in a series of nightmares, in which her father, termed by Bachmann «the murderer whom we all have,» figures as her tormentor. That which patriarchy does not allow to speak here cries out nonetheless. Moreover, counterposed to and subversive of the patriarchal subsumption of women is an archaic and Utopian fantasy of sensual joy and freedom which threads its way through the novel. Though the I disappears at the end of the novel, female desire can\u27t be completely silenced. Contemporary feminists thus can use Bachmann by turning this promise of future happiness against the present misery of women which Malina depicts

Ulrich Plenzdorf: The New Sufferings of Young W. - A Novel

Kenneth P. Wilcox, trans. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1979. xii + 84 p. $2.95

Gender, the Cold War, and Ingeborg Bachmann

This essay uses the methodology of materialist feminism to situate Ingeborg Bachmann\u27s life and writing in their Cold War context. After outlining the ways in which U.S. Cold War policy affected Austrian cultural life in the nineteen-fifties, I show that Bachmann\u27s own activities during the period of U.S. occupation were steeped in that Cold War atmosphere. I also argue that the Cold War reconfiguration of gender relations left their imprint on Bachmann\u27s writing. Comparing the narrative techniques of the unpublished short story Sterben für Berlin (1961) and Bachmann\u27s Büchner Prize Speech Ein Ort für Zufälle (1964), I maintain that both texts address the Cold War\u27s impact on Central European subjectivity and that Bachmann\u27s subsequent writing oscillates between those two narrative approaches. Particularly the middle, dream chapter of the novel Malina uses the expressionist or surrealist strategies of Ein Ort für Zufälle to present history only via the scars left on the psyche, what Bachmann called die Geschichte im Ich. Subsequent to the novel Malina, the figure Malina assumes the narrative standpoint of Sterben für Berlin to tell the apparently realist stories of the Todesarten cycle, whose characters remain unaware of the social forces of which they are victims

Gender, the Cold War, and Ingeborg Bachmann

This essay uses the methodology of materialist feminism to situate Ingeborg Bachmann's life and writing in their Cold War context. After outlining the ways in which U.S. Cold War policy affected Austrian cultural life in the nineteen-fifties, I show that Bachmann's own activities during the period of U.S. occupation were steeped in that Cold War atmosphere. I also argue that the Cold War reconfiguration of gender relations left their imprint on Bachmann's writing. Comparing the narrative techniques of the unpublished short story "Sterben für Berlin" (1961) and Bachmann's Büchner Prize Speech "Ein Ort für Zufälle" (1964), I maintain that both texts address the Cold War's impact on Central European subjectivity and that Bachmann's subsequent writing oscillates between those two narrative approaches. Particularly the middle, dream chapter of the novel Malina uses the expressionist or surrealist strategies of "Ein Ort für Zufälle" to present history only via the scars left on the psyche, what Bachmann called "die Geschichte im Ich." Subsequent to the novel Malina , the figure Malina assumes the narrative standpoint of "Sterben für Berlin" to tell the apparently realist stories of the "Todesarten" cycle, whose characters remain unaware of the social forces of which they are victims

Geteilter Feminismus: der Umgang mit Differenzen unter Frauen in Deutschland und den USA

In dem Artikel wird gezeigt, wie sich historisch und politisch das Thema der Geschlechterdifferenz entwickelt hat hin zu der Auseinandersetzung des Feminismus mit den Differenzen unter Frauen. Dabei wird aus amerikanischer Sicht die deutsche Frauenbewegung und Frauenforschung betrachtet. Diskutiert wird, inwieweit der Feminismus gefährdet ist, wenn die Frauen eigene Differenzen aufarbeiten, sich aber an anderen politischen Debatten nicht beteiligen. Es wird behauptet, daß die Auseinandersetzung des amerikanischen Feminismus damit die feministische Theorie und Analyse grundlegend verändert hat. Die amerikanische Neuformulierung von Paradigmen und analytischen Kategorien wird auf Theorie und Praxis des deutschen Feminismus übertragen. Dann wird aufgezeigt, wie sich die amerikanische Frauenbewegung mit ähnlichen Fragen, die von schwarzen Frauen gestellt wurden, auseinandergesetzt und wie sich die feministische Analyse geändert hat, um diesen Debatten Rechnung zu tragen. Die Unterschiede zwischen dem deutschen und dem amerikanischen Feminismus werden herausgearbeitet. Aus amerikanischer Sicht heißt das Ergebnis, daß der deutsche Feminismus an Boden verliert, wenn er sich nicht mit den Differenzen unter Frauen auseinandersetzt. (ICA

A GAL4 Driver Resource for Developmental and Behavioral Studies on the Larval CNS of Drosophila

SummaryWe report the larval CNS expression patterns for 6,650 GAL4 lines based on cis-regulatory regions (CRMs) from the Drosophila genome. Adult CNS expression patterns were previously reported for this collection, thereby providing a unique resource for determining the origins of adult cells. An illustrative example reveals the origin of the astrocyte-like glia of the ventral CNS. Besides larval neurons and glia, the larval CNS contains scattered lineages of immature, adult-specific neurons. Comparison of lineage expression within this large collection of CRMs provides insight into the codes used for designating neuronal types. The CRMs encode both dense and sparse patterns of lineage expression. There is little correlation between brain and thoracic lineages in patterns of sparse expression, but expression in the two regions is highly correlated in the dense mode. The optic lobes, by comparison, appear to use a different set of genetic instructions in their development

What can the food and drink industry do to help achieve the 5% free sugars goal?

Aims: To contribute evidence and make recommendations to assist in achieving free sugars reduction, with due consideration to the broader picture of weight management and dietary quality. Methods: An expert workshop in July 2016 addressed options outlined in the Public Health England report ‘Sugar reduction: The evidence for action’ that related directly to the food industry. Panel members contributed expertise in food technology, public heath nutrition, marketing, communications, psychology and behaviour. Recommendations were directed towards reformulation, reduced portion sizes, labelling and consumer education. These were evaluated based on their feasibility, likely consumer acceptability, efficacy and cost. Results: The panel agreed that the 5% target for energy from free sugars is unlikely to be achievable by the UK population in the near future, but a gradual reduction from average current level of intake is feasible. Progress requires collaborations between government, food industry, non-government organisations, health professionals, educators and consumers. Reformulation should start with the main contributors of free sugars in the diet, prioritising those products high in free sugars and relatively low in micronutrients. There is most potential for replacing free sugars in beverages using high-potency sweeteners and possibly via gradual reduction in sweetness levels. However, reformulation alone, with its inherent practical difficulties, will not achieve the desired reduction in free sugars. Food manufacturers and the out-of-home sector can help consumers by providing smaller portions. Labelling of free sugars would extend choice and encourage reformulation; however, government needs to assist industry by addressing current analytical and regulatory problems. There are also opportunities for multi-agency collaboration to develop tools/communications based on the Eatwell Guide, to help consumers understand the principles of a varied, healthy, balanced diet. Conclusion: Multiple strategies will be required to achieve a reduction in free sugars intake to attain the 5% energy target. The panel produced consensus statements with recommendations as to how this might be achieved. </jats:sec

Interrogating intervention delivery and participants’ emotional states to improve engagement and implementation: A realist informed multiple case study evaluation of Engager

BACKGROUND: 'Engager' is an innovative 'through-the-gate' complex care intervention for male prison-leavers with common mental health problems. In parallel to the randomised-controlled trial of Engager (Trial registration number: ISRCTN11707331), a set of process evaluation analyses were undertaken. This paper reports on the depth multiple case study analysis part of the process evaluation, exploring how a sub-sample of prison-leavers engaged and responded to the intervention offer of one-to-one support during their re-integration into the community. METHODS: To understand intervention delivery and what response it elicited in individuals, we used a realist-informed qualitative multiple 'case' studies approach. We scrutinised how intervention component delivery lead to outcomes by examining underlying causal pathways or 'mechanisms' that promoted or hindered progress towards personal outcomes. 'Cases' (n = 24) were prison-leavers from the intervention arm of the trial. We collected practitioner activity logs and conducted semi-structured interviews with prison-leavers and Engager/other service practitioners. We mapped data for each case against the intervention logic model and then used Bhaskar's (2016) 'DREIC' analytic process to categorise cases according to extent of intervention delivery, outcomes evidenced, and contributing factors behind engagement or disengagement and progress achieved. RESULTS: There were variations in the dose and session focus of the intervention delivery, and how different participants responded. Participants sustaining long-term engagement and sustained change reached a state of 'crises but coping'. We found evidence that several components of the intervention were key to achieving this: trusting relationships, therapeutic work delivered well and over time; and an in-depth shared understanding of needs, concerns, and goals between the practitioner and participants. Those who disengaged were in one of the following states: 'Crises and chaos', 'Resigned acceptance', 'Honeymoon' or 'Wilful withdrawal'. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that the 'implementability' of an intervention can be explained by examining the delivery of core intervention components in relation to the responses elicited in the participants. Core delivery mechanisms often had to be 'triggered' numerous times to produce sustained change. The improvements achieved, sustained, and valued by participants were not always reflected in the quantitative measures recorded in the RCT. The compatibility between the practitioner, participant and setting were continually at risk of being undermined by implementation failure as well as changing external circumstances and participants' own weaknesses. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN11707331, Wales Research Ethics Committee, Registered 02-04-2016-Retrospectively registered https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN11707331

Sites of Circadian Clock Neuron Plasticity Mediate Sensory Integration and Entrainment

Networks of circadian timekeeping in the brain display marked daily changes in neuronal morphology. In Drosophila melanogaster, the striking daily structural remodeling of the dorsal medial termini of the small ventral lateral neurons has long been hypothesized to mediate endogenous circadian timekeeping. To test this model, we have specifically abrogated these sites of daily neuronal remodeling through the reprogramming of neural development and assessed the effects on circadian timekeeping and clock outputs. Remarkably, the loss of these sites has no measurable effects on endogenous circadian timekeeping or on any of the major output functions of the small ventral lateral neurons. Rather, their loss reduces sites of glutamatergic sensory neurotransmission that normally encodes naturalistic time cues from the environment. These results support an alternative model: structural plasticity in critical clock neurons is the basis for proper integration of light and temperature and gates sensory inputs into circadian clock neuron networks