A Minireview Of Cellulose Nanocrystals And Its Potential Integration As Co-product In Bioethanol Production

Cellulose nanocrystals appeared as important bio-based products and the collected information in term of production, characterization and application suggest that this nanomaterial could be easily extrapolated to bioethanol production. This review describes recent published syntheses using chemical and enzymatic hydrolyses and different preparations such as high pressure homogenization. Their industrial and medical applications, such as controled of delivery carriers, suggest a large projection of this nanomaterial. 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Preparation And Characterization Of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Poly (hydroxybutirate-co-hydroxyvalerate)-phbv-g-ma

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)A compatibilizer agent was successfully produced by grafting maleic anhydride (MA) to poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) chains on a reactive processing by mechanical mixing, using a mixture of PHBV, MA and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as initiator. The resulting PHBV grafted MA (PHBV-g-MA) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and its properties were compared to neat PHBV. FTIR showed an absorption band at 699 cm-1 for PHBV-g-MA, related to CH group of grafted anhydride ring. The initial thermal degradation temperature of the compatibilizer agent was reduced when compared to neat PHBV. DSC analysis showed that after grafting MA onto PHBV the crystallization temperature was about 20°C higher than neat PHBV, and the degree of crystallinity was increased. GPC analysis showed that MA when grafted onto PHBV led to a reduction of molecular weight and polydispersity.191229235CAPES, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorFAPESP, São Paulo Research FoundationCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Bacterial Remediation From Effluent Containing Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes

Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were functionalized with functional groups containing oxygen, mainly carboxylic groups (-COOH), through reaction with a mixture of H2SO4/HNO3 (3:1 v/v). The oxidized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTOOH) were used to prepare an effluent, 2 mg L-1 in a saline solution of NaCl (0.9%), to study of remediation of MWCNTOOH in aqueous suspension by utilization of Escherichia coli. The suspensions of E. coli (4.5 × 105 CFU mL-1 and 4.5 × 108 CFU mL-1) in test tubes with MWCNTOOH effluent caused the precipitation of a large amount of MWCNTOOH and supernatant clearing. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the precipitate and supernatant showed the adhesion and interlace of MWCNTOOH in bacteria surface. Although the precipitate consist of a large quantity of MWCNTOOH and bacteria, it was verified their presence in the supernatant. The spread plate technique showed that MWCNTOOH caused no cellular death of E. coli in the supernatant.3041Baughman, R.H., Zakhidov, A.A., De Heer, W.A., Carbon nanotubes the route toward applications (2002) Science, 297, p. 787Kang, S., Pinault, M., Pfefferle, L.D., Elimelech, M., Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Exhibit Strong Antimicrobial Activity (2007) Langmuir, 23, p. 8670Lam, C.W., James, J.T., McCluskey, R., Arepalli, S., Hunter, R.L., A review of carbon nanotube toxicity and assessment of potential occupational and environmental health risks (2006) Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 36, p. 189Jia, G., Wang, H., Yan, L., Wang, X., Pei, R., Yan, T., Zhao, Y., Guo, X., Cytotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials: Single-Wall Nanotube, Multi-Wall Nanotube, and Fullerene (2005) Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, p. 1378Moon, H.M., Kim, J.W., Carbon Nanotube Clusters as Universal Bacterial Adsorbents and Magnetic Separation Agents (2010) Biotechnol. Prog.r, 26, p. 179Gu, L., Elkin, T., Jiang, X., Li, H., Lin, Y., Qu, L., Tzeng, T.R.J., Sun, Y.P., Single-walled carbon nanotubes displaying multivalent ligands for capturing pathogens (2005) Chem. Commun., 7, p. 874Arias, L.R., Yang, L., Inactivation of Bacterial Pathogens by Carbon Nanotubes in Suspensions (2009) Langmuir, 25, pp. 3003-3012Akasaka, T., Watari, F., Capture of bacteria by flexible carbon nanotubes (2009) Acta Biomateralia, 5, p. 607Tan, H., Jiang, L.Y., Huang, Y., Liu, B., Hwang, K.C., The effect of van der Waals-based interface cohesive law on carbon nanotube-reinforced composite materials (2007) Compos. Sci. Tech., 67, p. 2941Kang, S., Herzberg, M., Rodrigues, D.F., Elimelech, M., Antibacterial Effects of Carbon Nanotubes: Size Does Matter! (2008) Langmuir, 24, p. 640

Processing And Characterization Of Composites Of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co- Hydroxyvalerate) And Lignin From Sugar Cane Bagasse

A biodegradable polymer composite containing lignin from sugarcane bagasse and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) was produced and characterized in terms of its thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties. For comparison with the properties of the composites, the properties of the isolated composite components (lignin and PHBV) were also determined. The characterizations were carried out by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mechanical properties. In the micrograph images, no physical contact between filler and matrix was verified. The thermal decomposition profiles of composites depend on the lignin/PHBV proportions, and their residual mass increased as a function of lignin amount. Higher temperatures were necessary to promote PHBV crystallization in the presence of lignin. 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Effect Of Mwcnt Functionalization On Thermal And Electrical Properties Of Phbv/mwcnt Nanocomposites

Pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (P-MWCNTs) were functionalized with carboxylic groups (MWCNT-COOH) through oxidation reactions and then reduced to produce hydroxyl groups (MWCNT-OH). Pristine and functionalized MWCNTs were used to produce poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) nanocomposites with 0.5 wt% of MWCNTs. MWCNT functionalization was verified by visual stability in water, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and zeta potential measurements. Pristine and functionalized MWCNTs acted as the nucleating agent in a PHBV matrix, as verified by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). However, the dispersion of filler into the matrix, thermal stability, and direct current (DC) conductivity were affected by MWCNT functionalization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that filler dispersion into the PHBV matrix was improved with MWCNT functionalization. The surface roughness was reduced with the addition and functionalization of MWCNT. 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Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 is present in promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis and its surface expression increases during metacyclogenesis

Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (KMP-11), a protein present in all kinetoplastid protozoa, is considered a potential candidate for a leishmaniasis vaccine. A suitable leishmaniasis vaccine candidate molecule must be expressed in amastigotes, the infective stage for mammals. However, the expression of KMP-11 in Leishmania amastigotes has been a subject of controversy. We evaluated the expression of this molecule in logarithmic and stationary growth phase promastigotes, as well as in amastigotes, of Leishmania amazonensis by immunoblotting, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry, using a monoclonal antibody against KMP-11. We found that KMP-11 is present in promastigotes and amastigotes. In both stages, the protein was found in association with membrane structures (at the cell surface, flagellar pocket and intracellular vesicles). More importantly, its surface expression is higher in amastigotes than in promastigotes and increases during metacyclogenesis. The increased expression of KMP-11 in metacyclic promastigotes, and especially in amastigotes, indicates a role for this molecule in the parasite relationship with the mammalian host. The presence of this molecule in amastigotes is consistent with the previously demonstrated immunoprotective capacity of vaccine prototypes based on the KMP-11-coding gene and the presence of humoral and cellular immune responses to KMP-11 in Leishmania-infected humans and animals

Effects of maternal artificial vocalization on hyperprolific lactating sows and piglets behavior

Abstract The objective of this trial was to evaluate the behavioral patterns and performance of lactating sows and their litters under the effect of artificial vocalization. Twenty-eight sows and their litters were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2x2 factorial scheme (artificial vocalization x lactation week). The behavior of the animals was monitored during 24 hours on the 7th and 15th days of lactation, analyzing the number, interval, and frequency of nursings. The body condition and performance of the sows were also evaluated. Artificial vocalization promoted higher frequencies of eating for sow and nursing for piglets (P 0.05). The use of maternal artificial vocalization during lactation of sows promoted greater lactation efficiency and longer rest time, favoring the sows’ welfare