EFEKTIVITAS PENERAPAN STRATEGI PQ4R (PREVIEW, QUESTION, READ, REFLECT, RECITE, REVIEW) DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA PEMAHAMAN SISWA : Penelitian Kuasi Eksperimen pada Kelas VIII SMP Miftahul Iman Bandung

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya kesulitan siswa dalam pembelajaran membaca yaitu sulit untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang utuh ketika membaca sebuah teks qiraah. membaca pemahaman merupakan salah satu keterampilan berbahasa yang dinilai sulit. Karena itu peneliti mencoba menerapkan strategi P Q 4 R, khususnya dalam membaca pemahaman teks qiraah. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui keefektifan penerapan strategi P Q 4 R dalam meningkatkan kemampuan membaca pemahaman siswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimen kuasi dengan desain penelitian Nonequivalen Control Group Design yaitu penelitian yang menggunakan satu kelas eksperimen dan satu kelas kontrol. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu kelas VIII A sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas VIII B sebagai kelas kontrol. Setelah dilakukan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan strategi P Q 4 R, terdapat perbedaan nilai rata-rata yang signifikan pada hasil pretest dan posttest di kedua kelas tersebut. Pada kelas eksperimen nilai rata-rata pretest yang diperoleh sebesar 45,45 dan nilai rata-rata posttest sebesar 58,40. Hasil ini menunjukan bahwa tingkat kemampuan membaca pemahaman siswa pada kelas ekperimen berubah dari kategori kurang ke kategori cukup. Sedangkan pada kelas kontrol nilai rata-rata pretest yang diperoleh adalah sebesar 44,85 dan nilai rata-rata posttest sebesar 47,05. Hasil ini menunjukan bahwa tingkat kemampuan membaca pemahaman siswa pada kelas kontrol tidak mengalami perubahan yaitu berada pada kategori kurang. Berdasarkan pengujian hipotesis dengan menggunakan uji perbedaan rata-rata nilai gain didapatkan nilai Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) sebesar 0,000 yang lebih kecil dari α (0,000 < 0,025). Hal ini menunjukan bahwa strategi P Q 4 R efektif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan membaca pemahaman siswa. Kata Kunci: strategi P Q 4 R, membaca pemahaman, bahasa Arab الملخص هذا البحث يمهده وجود صعوبة للتلاميذ في تعلم القراءة و هي صعبة للحصول على فهم كامل عند قراءة النص. فهم المقروء هو احدى المهارات اللغوية التي تعتبر صعبة. و لذلك تجرب الباحثة على تطبيق استراتيجية P Q 4 R في تعلم فهم المقروء خاصة. يجري هذا البحث لمعرفة فعالية استخدام استراتيجية P Q 4 R في ترقية قدرة فهم المقروء للتلاميذ. و الطريقة المستخدمة في هذا البحث هي طريقة شبه تجريبية بتصميم ضابطة مجموعات غير متكافئة, البحث الذي يستخدم الفصل التجريبي و الفصل الضابط. و عينة البحث هي الصف الثامن A كفصل تجريبي و الصف الثامن B كفصل ضابط. بعد القيام بالتعلم باستخدام استراتيجية P Q 4 R هناك اختلاف النتيجة المتوسطة الدلالة في نتائج الإختبار القبلي و الاختبار البعدي في الفصلين. كانت النتيجة المتوسطة عند الفصل التجريبي 45,45 في الاختبار القبلي و 58,40 في الاختبار البعدي. و هذا يدل على أن درجة قدرة فهم المقروء للتلاميذ تتغير من الفئة المنخفض الى المتوسط. اما النتيجة المتوسطة عند الفصل الضابط فهي 44,85 في الاختبار القبلي و 47,05 في الاختبار البعدي. و هذا يدل على ان درجة قدرة فهم المقروء للتلاميذ لا تتغير و تبقى في الفئة المنخفض. بناء على الاختبار الفرضية باستخدام اختبار اختلاف متوسطة نتيجة التقدم”Gain”. كانت النتيجة المكتسبة هي 0,000 اقل من α (0,025 > 0,000) . و هذا الحال يدل على أن استراتيجية P Q 4 R فعال في ترقية قدرة فهم المقروء للتلاميذ. الكلمات الرئيسية: استراتيجية P Q 4 R, فهم المقروء, اللغة العربي

BayesImposter: Bayesian Estimation Based .bss Imposter Attack on Industrial Control Systems

Over the last six years, several papers used memory deduplication to trigger various security issues, such as leaking heap-address and causing bit-flip in the physical memory. The most essential requirement for successful memory deduplication is to provide identical copies of a physical page. Recent works use a brute-force approach to create identical copies of a physical page that is an inaccurate and time-consuming primitive from the attacker's perspective. Our work begins to fill this gap by providing a domain-specific structured way to duplicate a physical page in cloud settings in the context of industrial control systems (ICSs). Here, we show a new attack primitive - \textit{BayesImposter}, which points out that the attacker can duplicate the .bss section of the target control DLL file of cloud protocols using the \textit{Bayesian estimation} technique. Our approach results in less memory (i.e., 4 KB compared to GB) and time (i.e., 13 minutes compared to hours) compared to the brute-force approach used in recent works. We point out that ICSs can be expressed as state-space models; hence, the \textit{Bayesian estimation} is an ideal choice to be combined with memory deduplication for a successful attack in cloud settings. To demonstrate the strength of \textit{BayesImposter}, we create a real-world automation platform using a scaled-down automated high-bay warehouse and industrial-grade SIMATIC S7-1500 PLC from Siemens as a target ICS. We demonstrate that \textit{BayesImposter} can predictively inject false commands into the PLC that can cause possible equipment damage with machine failure in the target ICS. Moreover, we show that \textit{BayesImposter} is capable of adversarial control over the target ICS resulting in severe consequences, such as killing a person but making it looks like an accident. Therefore, we also provide countermeasures to prevent the attack

Perceived teacher support, peer relationship, and university students’ mental health: The mediation of reality and Internet altruistic behaviors

Studying in universities is a crucial development stage for students, whose thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by interactions with their teachers and peers. This study explored the relationships between perceived teacher support and mental health as well as those between peer relationship and mental health among university students, and examined the mediating effects of reality and Internet altruistic behaviors on these relationships. Perceived teacher support questionnaire, peer relationship satisfaction questionnaire, self-reported altruism questionnaire, Internet altruistic behavior questionnaire, and general health questionnaire were administered to 553 university students. Results demonstrated that perceived teacher support and peer relationship positively predicted reality and Internet altruistic behaviors and positively predicted mental health. Reality and Internet altruistic behaviors positively predicted mental health and exerted significant mediating effects on the correlations between perceived teacher support and mental health as well as those between peer relationship and mental health. The male and female students differed insignificantly in the mediating effects of reality and Internet altruistic behaviors. Therefore, no matter for males or females, teachers should provide sufficient support for the students and establish favorable relationships with them. Friendly relationships, comfort, and active communication among peer students are also essential for creating a healthy and harmonious interaction environment. Those various factors of the school have impacts on the mental health of university students through their altruistic behaviors. This study suggests that further emphasis on teacher support and peer relationship is needed to promote the positive development of altruistic behaviors among university students, and ultimately provide a viable contribution to the university students’ mental health interventions

Junk food marketing on instagram: Content analysis

Background: Omnipresent marketing of processed foods is a key driver of dietary choices and brand loyalty. Market data indicate a shift in food marketing expenditures to digital media, including social media. These platforms have greater potential to influence young people, given their unique peer-to-peer transmission and youths\u27 susceptibility to social pressures. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of images and videos posted by the most popular, energy-dense, nutrient-poor food and beverage brands on Instagram and the marketing strategies used in these images, including any healthy choice claims. Methods: A content analysis of 15 accounts was conducted, using 12 months of Instagram posts from March 15, 2015, to March 15, 2016. A pre-established hierarchical coding guide was used to identify the primary marketing strategy of each post. Results: Each brand used 6 to 11 different marketing strategies in their Instagram accounts; however, they often adhered to an overall theme such as athleticism or relatable consumers. There was a high level of branding, although not necessarily product information on all accounts, and there were very few health claims. Conclusions: Brands are using social media platforms such as Instagram to market their products to a growing number of consumers, using a high frequency of targeted and curated posts that manipulate consumer emotions rather than present information about their products. Policy action is needed that better reflects the current media environment. Public health bodies also need to engage with emerging media platforms and develop compelling social counter-marketing campaigns

Efficient Match Pair Retrieval for Large-scale UAV Images via Graph Indexed Global Descriptor

SfM (Structure from Motion) has been extensively used for UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) image orientation. Its efficiency is directly influenced by feature matching. Although image retrieval has been extensively used for match pair selection, high computational costs are consumed due to a large number of local features and the large size of the used codebook. Thus, this paper proposes an efficient match pair retrieval method and implements an integrated workflow for parallel SfM reconstruction. First, an individual codebook is trained online by considering the redundancy of UAV images and local features, which avoids the ambiguity of training codebooks from other datasets. Second, local features of each image are aggregated into a single high-dimension global descriptor through the VLAD (Vector of Locally Aggregated Descriptors) aggregation by using the trained codebook, which remarkably reduces the number of features and the burden of nearest neighbor searching in image indexing. Third, the global descriptors are indexed via the HNSW (Hierarchical Navigable Small World) based graph structure for the nearest neighbor searching. Match pairs are then retrieved by using an adaptive threshold selection strategy and utilized to create a view graph for divide-and-conquer based parallel SfM reconstruction. Finally, the performance of the proposed solution has been verified using three large-scale UAV datasets. The test results demonstrate that the proposed solution accelerates match pair retrieval with a speedup ratio ranging from 36 to 108 and improves the efficiency of SfM reconstruction with competitive accuracy in both relative and absolute orientation

Transcriptional Repressor NIR Functions in the Ribosome RNA Processing of Both 40S and 60S Subunits

BACKGROUND: NIR was identified as an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase and it represses transcriptional activation of p53. NIR is predominantly localized in the nucleolus and known as Noc2p, which is involved in the maturation of the 60S ribosomal subunit. However, how NIR functions in the nucleolus remains undetermined. In the nucleolus, a 47S ribosomal RNA precursor (pre-rRNA) is transcribed and processed to produce 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNAs. The 18S rRNA is incorporated into the 40S ribosomal subunit, whereas the 28S and 5.8S rRNAs are incorporated into the 60S subunit. U3 small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) directs 18S rRNA processing and U8 snoRNA mediates processing of 28S and 5.8 S rRNAs. Functional disruption of nucleolus often causes p53 activation to inhibit cell proliferation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Western blotting showed that NIR is ubiquitously expressed in different human cell lines. Knock-down of NIR by siRNA led to inhibition of the 18S, 28S and 5.8S rRNAs evaluated by pulse-chase experiment. Pre-rRNA particles (pre-rRNPs) were fractionated from the nucleus by sucrose gradient centrifugation and analysis of the pre-RNPs components showed that NIR existed in the pre-RNPs of both the 60S and 40S subunits and co-fractionated with 32S and 12S pre-rRNAs in the 60S pre-rRNP. Protein-RNA binding experiments demonstrated that NIR is associated with the 32S pre-rRNA and U8 snoRNA. In addition, NIR bound U3 snoRNA. It is a novel finding that depletion of NIR did not affect p53 protein level but de-repressed acetylation of p53 and activated p21. CONCLUSIONS: We provide the first evidence for a transcriptional repressor to function in the rRNA biogenesis of both the 40S and 60S subunits. Our findings also suggested that a nucleolar protein may alternatively signal to p53 by affecting the p53 modification rather than affecting p53 protein level

Current landscape of fecal microbiota transplantation in treating depression

Depression, projected to be the predominant contributor to the global disease burden, is a complex condition with diverse symptoms including mood disturbances and cognitive impairments. Traditional treatments such as medication and psychotherapy often fall short, prompting the pursuit of alternative interventions. Recent research has highlighted the significant role of gut microbiota in mental health, influencing emotional and neural regulation. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), the infusion of fecal matter from a healthy donor into the gut of a patient, emerges as a promising strategy to ameliorate depressive symptoms by restoring gut microbial balance. The microbial-gut-brain (MGB) axis represents a critical pathway through which to potentially rectify dysbiosis and modulate neuropsychiatric outcomes. Preclinical studies reveal that FMT can enhance neurochemicals and reduce inflammatory markers, thereby alleviating depressive behaviors. Moreover, FMT has shown promise in clinical settings, improving gastrointestinal symptoms and overall quality of life in patients with depression. The review highlights the role of the gut-brain axis in depression and the need for further research to validate the long-term safety and efficacy of FMT, identify specific therapeutic microbial strains, and develop targeted microbial modulation strategies. Advancing our understanding of FMT could revolutionize depression treatment, shifting the paradigm toward microbiome-targeting therapies

1A6/DRIM, a Novel t-UTP, Activates RNA Polymerase I Transcription and Promotes Cell Proliferation

BACKGROUND: Ribosome biogenesis is required for protein synthesis and cell proliferation. Ribosome subunits are assembled in the nucleolus following transcription of a 47S ribosome RNA precursor by RNA polymerase I and rRNA processing to produce mature 18S, 28S and 5.8S rRNAs. The 18S rRNA is incorporated into the ribosomal small subunit, whereas the 28S and 5.8S rRNAs are incorporated into the ribosomal large subunit. Pol I transcription and rRNA processing are coordinated processes and this coordination has been demonstrated to be mediated by a subset of U3 proteins known as t-UTPs. Up to date, five t-UTPs have been identified in humans but the mechanism(s) that function in the t-UTP(s) activation of Pol I remain unknown. In this study we have identified 1A6/DRIM, which was identified as UTP20 in our previous study, as a t-UTP. In the present study, we investigated the function and mechanism of 1A6/DRIM in Pol I transcription. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Knockdown of 1A6/DRIM by siRNA resulted in a decreased 47S pre-rRNA level as determined by Northern blotting. Ectopic expression of 1A6/DRIM activated and knockdown of 1A6/DRIM inhibited the human rDNA promoter as evaluated with luciferase reporter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments showed that 1A6/DRIM bound UBF and the rDNA promoter. Re-ChIP assay showed that 1A6/DRIM interacts with UBF at the rDNA promoter. Immunoprecipitation confirmed the interaction between 1A6/DRIM and the nucleolar acetyl-transferase hALP. It is of note that knockdown of 1A6/DRIM dramatically inhibited UBF acetylation. A finding of significance was that 1A6/DRIM depletion, as a kind of nucleolar stress, caused an increase in p53 level and inhibited cell proliferation by arresting cells at G1. CONCLUSIONS: We identify 1A6/DRIM as a novel t-UTP. Our results suggest that 1A6/DRIM activates Pol I transcription most likely by associating with both hALP and UBF and thereby affecting the acetylation of UBF