Entrepreneurial intention of students in Bosnia and Herzegovina: what type of support matters?

This study investigates the impact of perceived formal, informal and regulatory support on entrepreneurial intention. In addition, entrepreneurial capacity and fear of failure are analyzed as predictors of the propensity toward entrepreneurship. An empirical analysis of students in B&H finds that informal support perceived as support of family and friends exert a significant positive influence on entrepreneurial intentions. Fear of failure has a significant adverse impact on entrepreneurial intentions while entrepreneurial capacity enhances entrepreneurial intention. The negative relationship between the fear of failure and entrepreneurial intention is moderated by informal support. In other words, support by family and friends dampens the negative relationship between fear of failure and entrepreneurial intention. The findings were confronted with an ex-post literature review

Explaining microbial population genomics through phage predation

The remarkable diversity of genes within the pool of prokaryotic genomes belonging to the same species or pan-genome is difficult to reconcile with the widely accepted paradigm which asserts that periodic selection within bacterial populations would regularly purge genomic diversity by clonal replacement. Recent evidence from metagenomics indicates that even within a single sample a large diversity of genomes can be present for a single species. We have found that much of the differential gene content affects regions that are potential phage recognition targets. We therefore propose the operation of Constant-Diversity dynamics in which the diversity of prokaryotic populations is preserved by phage predation. We provide supporting evidence for this model from metagenomics, mathematical analysis and computer simulations. Periodic selection and phage predation dynamics are not mutually exclusive; we compare their predictions to indicate under which ecological circumstances each dynamics could predominate

Određivanje prisustva teških metala u vodi i mišićnom tkivu lipljena (thymallus thymallus) rijeke Une

The aim of this paper is to present comparative results of the chemical analysis of water and fish of the river Una in different locations. Grayling fish (Thymallus thymallus) from the family Thymallidae was sampled for analysis. Grayling is the fish that prefers cold water, rich in oxygen, just as it is a case with river Una. Water and fish samples were taken from three locations. Chemical testing included water analysis of the river Una paying attention to the following parameters: temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, suspended matter, BOD5, COD - Cr, total nitrogen - N, total phosphorus - P, sulfates - SO4, chlorides, nitrites - NO2, nitrates - NO3, fluorides and heavy metals (Cu, Cd and Pb). Protein, fat, water, carbohydrates and minerals were determined in the fillet of grayling. The results showed not only good water quality of the river Una with different concentrations in certain locations, but also good quality of fish meat. Atomic absorption spectrometer "Perkin Elmer" AAnalyst – 800 was used to determine the content of Pb, Cu and Cd through flame technique. Amounts of heavy metals (Pb, Cu and Cd) were below maximum allowable concentration (MAC). The content of heavy metals in fish muscle tissue is directly related to the pollution of rivers. The lead content in the muscle tissue of grayling being overfished in the river Una was the highest in the samples from site number two and the largest copper content was identified at the same site. Cadmium values in the fish muscle tissue samples were less than 0.1 mg / kg at all sites. The heavy metal content, in the tested samples of water and grayling fish of the river Una, had values below the acceptable limit. These results indicate that the watercourse of river Una is still not significantly polluted.Cilj ovog rada bio je da se prikažu uporedni rezultati hemijskih analiza vode i ribe rijeke Une na različitim lokacijama. Za ispitvanje je uzeta riba lipljen (Thymallus thymallus) iz porodice Thymallidae. Lipljen je riba koja preferira hladne vode bogate kisikom, što upravo Una i jeste. Uzorci vode i ribe su uzeti sa tri lokacije. Hemijska ispitivanja su obuhvatila analizu vode rijeke Une i to slijedeće parametre: temperatura, pH, elektrovodljivost, otopljeni kisik, suspendirane materije, BPK5, KPK - Cr, ukupni dušik - N, ukupni fosfor - P, sufati - SO4, hloridi, nitriti - NO2, nitrati - NO3, fluoridi i teški metali (Cu,Cd i Pb). U fileu lipljena određeni su: proteini, masti, voda, ugljikohidrati i mineralne materije.Rezultati su pokazali dobar kvalitet vode rijeke Une sa različitim koncentracijama na pojedinim lokalitetima kao i na dobar kvalitet mesa ribe. Sadržaj Pb, Cu i Cd je određen na atomskom apsorpcionom spektrofotometru „Perkin Elmer“ AAnalyst - 800, plamenom tehnikom. Količine teških metala (Pb, Cu i Cd) bile su ispod maksimalno dozvoljenih količina (MDK). Sadržaj teških metala u mišićnom tkivu riba u direktnoj vezi je sa zagađenjem rijeka. Sadržaj olova u mišičnom tkivu lipljena izlovljenog u rijeci Uni bio je najveći u uzorcima koji su izlovljeni na drugom lokalitetu i najveći sadržaj bakra identifikovan je na istom lokalitetu. Vrijednosti kadmija u uzorcima mišićnog tkiva ribe na svim lokalitetima iznosio je ispod 0,1 mg/kg. Sadržaji teških metala u ispitanim uzorcima vode i ribe lipljena rijeke Une, imali su vrijednosti ispod dozvoljenih granica. Takvi rezultati ukazuju da još uvijek nije došlo do značajnijeg zagađenja vodotoka rijeke Une

Successful minimally invasive management of nonvascular grade IV blunt renal trauma with complete transection in a 7-year-old girl

Non-operative treatment of high-grade renal trauma in hemodynamically stable children is gaining increasing acceptance nowadays. However, the management of isolated grade IV injuries, particularly those with complete renal fracture and separation of the poles with intact blood supply, is still controversial. Although such injuries have a decreased likelihood of spontaneous resolution, not all require open operative repair. They can be treated with a minimally invasive combination of internal and external drainage. Herein, we report a case of a 7-year-old girl who presented with a nonvascular grade IV blunt renal trauma with a complete renal transection, successfully treated with ureteral stent placement and ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage of the perinephric urinoma. We also present a brief literature review on this rare lesion in children.The article-processing fee was covered by the Qatar National Library (QNL)

Statistical and Machine Learning Techniques in Human Microbiome Studies: Contemporary Challenges and Solutions

The human microbiome has emerged as a central research topic in human biology and biomedicine. Current microbiome studies generate high-throughput omics data across different body sites, populations, and life stages. Many of the challenges in microbiome research are similar to other high-throughput studies, the quantitative analyses need to address the heterogeneity of data, specific statistical properties, and the remarkable variation in microbiome composition across individuals and body sites. This has led to a broad spectrum of statistical and machine learning challenges that range from study design, data processing, and standardization to analysis, modeling, cross-study comparison, prediction, data science ecosystems, and reproducible reporting. Nevertheless, although many statistics and machine learning approaches and tools have been developed, new techniques are needed to deal with emerging applications and the vast heterogeneity of microbiome data. We review and discuss emerging applications of statistical and machine learning techniques in human microbiome studies and introduce the COST Action CA18131 "ML4Microbiome" that brings together microbiome researchers and machine learning experts to address current challenges such as standardization of analysis pipelines for reproducibility of data analysis results, benchmarking, improvement, or development of existing and new tools and ontologies

Exploratory genetic analysis in children with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disorders using whole exome sequencing

Developmental disorders (DDs), such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), incorporate various conditions; once identified, further diagnostics are necessary to specify their type and severity. The aim of this exploratory study was to identify genetic variants that can help differentiate ASD early from other DDs. We selected 36 children (mean age 60.1 months) with DDs using Developmental Behavioral Scales (DBS) through "EDUS-Education for All", an organization providing services for children with developmental disorders in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We further rated children's autistic traits with the preschool version of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, second edition (CARS-II). We defined ASD if scores were &gt;25.5 and other DDs if scores were &lt;25.5. Diagnosis of ASD and DD were independently confirmed by child psychiatrists. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed by Veritas Genetics, USA, using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) next-generation sequencing (NGS) apparatus. We tested genetic association by applying SKAT-O, which optimally combines the standard Sequence Kernel Association Test (SKAT) and burden tests to identify rare variants associated with complex traits in samples of limited power. The analysis yielded seven genes (DSE, COL10A1, DLK2, CSMD1, FAM47E, PPIA, PYDC2) to potentially differentiate observed phenotypic characteristics between our cohort participants with ASD and other DDs. Our exploratory study in a small sample of participants with ASD and other DDs contributed to gene discovery in differentiating ASD from DDs. A replication study is needed in a larger sample to confirm our results.</p

Sustained activation of the HER1–ERK1/2–RSK signaling pathway controls myoepithelial cell fate in human mammary tissue

Human mammary glands arise from multipotent progenitor cells, which likely respond both to cell-autonomous and to extrinsic cues. However, the identity of these cues and how they might act remain unclear. We analyzed HER1 ligand effects on mammary morphogenesis using a three-dimensional organoid model generated from human breast tissue that recapitulates both qualitatively and quantitatively the normal ductal network in situ. Strikingly, different HER1 ligands generate distinct patterns of cell fate. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) causes a massive expansion of the myoepithelial lineage. Amphiregulin, in contrast, enables normal ductal development. These differences cannot be ascribed to preferential apoptosis or proliferation of differentiated cell populations, but are dependent on HER1 signal intensity. Inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) effector RSK prevents the EGF-induced myoepithelial expansion. Notably, mouse mammary organoids are much less responsive to HER1 ligands. Little is known about the myoepithelial lineage or about growth factor effects on mammary progenitor differentiation, and our studies provide an important window into human mammary development that reveals unexpected differences from the mouse model

Ena/VASP Proteins Capture Actin Filament Barbed Ends*S⃞

Ena/VASP (vasodialator-stimulated protein) proteins regulate many actin-dependent events, including formation of protrusive structures, fibroblast migration, neurite extension, cell-cell adhesion, and Listeria pathogenesis. In vitro, Ena/VASP activities on actin are complex and varied. They promote actin assembly, protect filaments from cappers, bundle filaments, and inhibit filament branching. To determine the mechanisms by which Ena/VASP proteins regulate actin dynamics at barbed ends, we monitored individual actin filaments growing in the presence of VASP and profilin using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Filament growth was unchanged by VASP, but filaments grew faster in profilin-actin and VASP than with profilin-actin alone. Actin filaments were captured directly by VASP-coated surfaces via interactions with growing barbed ends. End-attached filaments transiently paused but resumed growth after becoming bound to the surface via a filament side attachment. Thus, Ena/VASP proteins promote actin assembly by interacting directly with actin filament barbed ends, recruiting profilin-actin, and blocking capping