Modelling state-dependent interference in common cranes

1. Interference is a key component of food competition, but is difficult to measure in natural animal populations. Using data from a long-term study, we show that interference between common cranes Grus grus L., feeding on patches of cereal seeds, reduces intake rates at high competitor densities, and that the strength of interference is unrelated to food abundance. 2. An alternative to measuring interference directly is to predict its strength using behaviour-based models. We test an interference model, originally developed for shorebirds feeding on invertebrate prey, for cranes. We compare the predictions of a rate-maximizing model, in which animals steal food if this increases intake rate, and a state-dependent model, in which they only rate-maximize if their intake rate is below a target value, otherwise they minimize injury risk by not stealing food. State-dependent aggression occurs in cranes. 3. The state-dependent model predicts more accurately the relative aggression rates of cranes of different dominance. However, both models predict accurately the observed strength of interference, that the strength of interference is unrelated to food abundance, at least within the observed range of crane and seed densities, and that cranes of a higher dominance have a higher intake rate than those of lower dominance. 4. This paper shows how state-dependent behaviour can be incorporated into an interference model, and that the model can produce accurate predictions for a system quite different to that for which it was developed.RAS was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council. LMB was partially funded by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (MCyT) and research grant PB97-1252 of MCyT. Field work was funded by DGICYT project PB87-0389 of the MCyT.Peer reviewe

Psychoanalysis, socialization and society: the psychoanalytical thought and interpretation of Alfred Lorenzer

"Alfred Lorenzer belongs to those few psychoanalysts, who did understand psychoanalysis not only in clinical therapy, clinical thinking and research but also as a social science. In the perspective of Lorenzer the individual fundamentally could not be taken out of his social contexts. The therapeutic setting of psychoanalysis insofar is an artificial undertaking, a psychological experiment of a special kind. Lorenzer did understand society not only as an environment outside of the individual, how it is studied through most of the psychological paradigms. In the sense of Lorenzer society penetrates and mediates the Jeep individual structures. He describes this process as a socialization of the individual. In the following essay the author discusses the perspective of Lorenzer's research in the fields of mother-child-relationship, of the child's learning of language, of work-relationships, and of religious and ideological attitudes. The research interest is directed on the complex mediation of familial and social interaction forms. The center of the analyses is the concept of the unconsciousness, which Lorenzer has developed in a close relation to Sigmund Freud." (author's abstract

Psychoanalysis, Socialization and Society—The Psychoanalytical Thought and Interpretation of Alfred Lorenzer

Alfed LORENZER pertenece a aquellos pocos psicoanalistas que entendieron al psicoanálisis no sólo en la terapia clínica, el pensamiento clínico y la investigación sino también como una ciencia social. En la perspectiva de LORENZER el individuo fundamentalmente no puede ser quitado de su contexto social. El escenario terapéutico del psicoanálisis hasta ahora es una empresa artificial, un experimento psicológico de un cierto tipo. LORENZER entendió la sociedad no sólo como un medio afuera del individuo, tal cual es estudiado en varios paradigmas psicológicos. En el sentido de LORENZER, la sociedad penetra y media las estructuras profundas del individuo. Él describe este proceso como una socialización del individuo. En el siguiente ensayo, discuto la perspectiva de la investigación de LORENZER en los campos de la relación madre-hijo, del aprendizaje infantil del lenguaje, de las relaciones de trabajo y de actitudes religiosas e ideológicas. Mi interés de investigación aborda la mediación compleja de las formas de interacción familiares y sociales. El centro del análisis es el concepto de inconsciente, que ha sido desarrollado por LORENZER en una relación cercana a Sigmund FREUD.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1203176Alfred LORENZER gehört zu jenen wenigen Psychoanalytiker/innen, die die Psychoanalyse über ein rein klinisches Denken und Forschen und Psychotherapie hinaus auch als eine Sozialwissenschaft verstanden haben. Das Individuum ist in seiner Sichtweise grundsätzlich nicht aus seinen sozialen Einbettungen herauslösbar. Das therapeutische Setting der Psychoanalyse ist insofern eine künstliche Veranstaltung, ein psychologisches Experiment besonderer Art. Gesellschaft begreift LORENZER nicht nur als eine dem Individuum äußerliche soziale Umgebung, wie sie in den meisten Paradigmen der Psychologie zu erscheinen pflegt. Gesellschaft vermittelt sich vielmehr nach LORENZER noch in die tiefste individuelle Struktur. Er beschreibt diesen Prozess als Sozialisation des Individuums. In dem vorliegenden Aufsatz diskutiere ich diese Untersuchungsperspektive an der Mutter-Kind-Beziehung, dem Sprechenlernen des Kindes, den Arbeitsbeziehungen sowie religiösen und ideologischen Einstellungen. Es geht um die Untersuchung familialer und sozialer "Interaktionsformen" in ihren komplexen Vermittlungen. Dabei steht ein Begriff des Unbewussten im Zentrum, den LORENZER aus der Freudschen Psychoanalyse heraus entwickelt.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1203176Alfred LORENZER belongs to those few psychoanalysts, who did understand psychoanalysis not only in clinical therapy, clinical thinking and research but also as a social science. In the perspective of LORENZER the individual fundamentally could not be taken out of his social contexts. The therapeutic setting of psychoanalysis insofar is an artificial undertaking, a psychological experiment of a special kind. LORENZER did understand society not only as an environment outside of the individual, how it is studied through most of the psychological paradigms. In the sense of LORENZER society penetrates and mediates the deep individual structures. He describes this process as a socialization of the individual. In my following essay I discuss the perspective of LORENZER's research in the fields of mother-child-relationship, of the child's learning of language, of work-relationships, and of religious and ideological attitudes. My research interest is directed on the complex mediation of familial and social interaction forms. The center of the analyses is the concept of the unconsciousness, which LORENZER has developed in a close relation to Sigmund FREUD.URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs120317

Model Hierarchy for the Shape Optimization of a Microchannel Cooling System

We model a microchannel cooling system and consider the optimization of its shape by means of shape calculus. A three-dimensional model covering all relevant physical effects and three reduced models are introduced. The latter are derived via a homogenization of the geometry in 3D and a transformation of the three-dimensional models to two dimensions. A shape optimization problem based on the tracking of heat absorption by the cooler and the uniform distribution of the flow through the microchannels is formulated and adapted to all models. We present the corresponding shape derivatives and adjoint systems, which we derived with a material derivative free adjoint approach. To demonstrate the feasibility of the reduced models, the optimization problems are solved numerically with a gradient descent method. A comparison of the results shows that the reduced models perform similarly to the original one while using significantly less computational resources

Psychoanalytische Methoden in der Sozialforschung

Psychoanalyse wird gemeinhin als ein Therapieverfahren zur Heilung von psychischen Neurosen verstanden und der klinischen, medizinischen Psychologie oder als Nebengebiet der Psychiatrie zugerechnet. Weniger bekannt sind die psychoanalytischen Beiträge zur Gesellschafts-, Kultur- und Literaturanalyse, für die außerhalb des klinischen Settings spezifische Methoden entwickelt wurden. Für die psychoanalytische Kulturanalyse kommt hier Sigmund Freuds "Unbehagen in der Kultur" ein besonderer Rang zu. Psychoanalyse entzieht sich ein Stück weit dem Spartendenken in den Wissenschaften, der "Departmentalisierung des Geistes". Dies zeigt sich deutlich, wenn man die Psychoanalyse mit der Nomenklatur der Akademischen Psychologie vergleicht. Während letztere Sozial-, Persönlichkeits-, Entwicklungs- und Klinische Psychologie in einem arbeitsteiligen Nebeneinander begreift und lehrt, stehen sie in der Psychoanalyse in einer kritischen Verbindung. Die psychoanalytische Metapsychologie ist ihr zusammenhängender Unterbau, auf den die anwachsende psychoanalytische, empirische Erfahrung kritisch bezogen wird. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht zunächst auf die Methoden der Ethno-Psychoanalyse ein. Im Anschluss daran werden die Methoden psychoanalytischer Sozialpsychologie vorgestellt. (ICD2