How To Find Charm in Nuclear Collisions at RHIC and LHC

Measurements of dilepton production from charm decay and Drell-Yan processes respectively probe the gluon and sea quark distributions in hadronic collisions. In nucleus-nucleus collisions, these hard scattering processes constitute a `background' to thermal contributions from the hot matter produced by the collision. To determine the magnitude and behavior of this background, we calculate the hard scattering contribution to dilepton production in nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHC at next to leading order in perturbative QCD. Invariant mass, rapidity and transverse momentum distributions are presented. We compare these results to optimistic hydrodynamic estimates of the thermal dilepton production. We find that charm production from hard scattering is by far the dominant contribution. Experiments therefore can measure the gluon distribution in the nuclear target and projectile and, consequently, can provide new information on gluon shadowing. We then illustrate how experimental cuts on the rapidity gap between the leptons can aid in reducing the charm background, thereby enhancing thermal information.Comment: 32 pages, latex, 19 figure

Gene-disease relationship evidence: a clinical perspective focusing on ultra-rare diseases

The ACMG framework for variant interpretation is well-established and widely used. Although formal guidelines have been published on the establishment of the gene-disease relationships as well, these are not nearly as widely acknowledged or utilized, and implementation of these guidelines is lagging. In addition, for many genes so little information is available that the framework cannot be used in sufficient detail. In this manuscript, we highlight the importance of distinguishing between phenotype-first and genotype-first gene-disease relationships. We discuss the approaches currently available to establish gene-disease relationships and suggest a checklist to assist in evaluating gene-disease relationships for genes with very little available information. Several real-life examples from clinical practice are given to illustrate the importance of a thorough thought process on gene-disease relationships. We hope that these considerations and the checklist will provide help for clinicians and clinical scientists faced which variants in genes without robustly ascertained gene-disease relationships

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in mice lacking a functional Kiss1 gene

International audienc

The philosophy and practice of interpretivist research in entrepreneurship: Quality, validation and trust

Knowledge production in entrepreneurship requires inclusivity as well as diversity and pluralism in research perspectives and approaches. In this article, the authors address concerns about interpretivist research regarding validity, reliability, objectivity, generalizability, and communicability of results that militate against its more widespread acceptance. Following the nonfoundationalist argument that all observation is theory-laden, context specific, and that there are no external criteria against which to assess research design and execution and the data produced, the authors propose that quality must be internalized within the underlying research philosophy rather than something to be tested upon completion. This requires a shift from the notion of validity as an outcome to validation as a process. To elucidate this, they provide a guiding framework and present a case illustration that will assist an interpretivist entrepreneurship researcher to establish and demonstrate the quality of their work