Use of Social Science Materials in Teaching Within the Standard Generalist Law Curriculum: A Criterion for Their Refined Integration

The thesis of this Article is that the primary and unique task of legal education is furthering insight into the distinct pattern of relationship among theory, norms, and empirical fact

Leigh Hunt\u27s Journal, Vol. 1-17

Leigh Hunt (1784-1859) was an English Romantic-era literary critic, journalist, essayist, and poet. He was responsible for introducing writers such as John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley to the public.https://digitalcommons.whitworth.edu/leighhunt/1000/thumbnail.jp

SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS OF PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER PROCESSES AT INTERFACES AND IN SOLUTION

Photoinduced electron transfer is an essential reaction in artificial solar energy conversionapplications. The challenge for decades of research has been to demonstrate a long-lived charge separated state with high energy that in principle can be used for chemical or solar-to-electric energy conversion.[1] For example, the primary energy conversion process in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) is a photoinduced charge separation at the metal oxide-dye interface, making the formation and decay lifetime of the charge separated state an important aspect of these systems.[2, 3] Upon photon absorption, a surface-bound chromophore is promoted to a higher energy excited state, whereby it can undergo forward electron transfer (electron injection) to the conduction band or acceptor states in TiO2. The resultant charge separation consists of the injected electron and the oxidized dye. Following the initial charge separation step, DSCs are reliant upon regeneration of the oxidized dye by a soluble reductant present in the electrolyte. This reaction is often termed dye regeneration and is typically not optimized under operational conditions. However, pre-organized interactions between the immobilized dye and redox-active species in the electrolyte offer a method for enhancing the regeneration reaction in DSCs. Within this dissertation, several synthetic design approaches are introduced, and the corresponding electron dynamics are explored

Evolution of Sexual Dimorphism and Male Dimorphism in the Expression of Beetle Horns: Phylogenetic Evidence for Modularity, Evolutionary Lability, and Constraint

Beetle horns are enlarged outgrowths of the head or thorax that are used as weapons in contests over access to mates. Horn development is typically confined to males (sexual dimorphism) and often only to the largest males (male dimorphism). Both types of dimorphism result from endocrine threshold mechanisms that coordinate cell proliferation near the end of the larval period. Here, we map the presence/absence of each type of dimorphism onto a recent phylogeny for the genus Onthophagits (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to explore how horn development has changed over time. Our results provide empirical support for several recent predictions regarding the evolutionary lability of developmental thresholds, including uncoupled evolution of alternative phenotypes and repeated fixation of phenotypes. We also report striking evidence of a possible developmental constraint. We show that male dimorphism and sexual dimorphism map together on the phylogeny; whenever small males have horns, females also have horns (and vice versa). We raise the possibility that correlated evolution of these two phenomena results from a shared element in their endocrine regulatory mechanisms rather than a history of common selection pressures. These results illustrate the type of insight that can be gained only from the integration of developmental and evolutionary perspectives

Threshold Evolution in Exotic Populations of a Polyphenic Beetle

Polyphenic development is thought to play an important role in the evolution of phenotypic diversity and morphological novelties, yet the evolution of polyphenisms has rarely been documented in natural populations. Here we compare the morphologies of male dung beetles (Onthophagus taurus; Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from populations introduced to Australia and the eastern United States. Males in this species express two alternative morphologies in response to larval feeding conditions. Males encountering favourable conditions grow larger than a threshold body size and develop a pair of horns on their heads, whereas males that encounter poor conditions do not reach this threshold size and remain hornless. Australian and US populations did not differ in overall body size ranges, but exhibited significant differences in the location of the critical body size threshold that separates alternative male morphs. Australian males remained hornless at much larger body sizes than males in US populations, resulting in substantial and significant differences in the average body size-horn length allometry between exotic populations, as well as significant differences in morph ratios. The phenotypic divergence observed between field populations was maintained in laboratory populations after two generations under identical environmental conditions, suggesting a genetic basis to allometric divergence in these populations. Divergence between exotic O. taurus populations was of a magnitude and kind typically observed between species. We use our results to examine potential causes of allometric divergence in onthophagine beetles, and discuss the evolutionary potential of threshold traits and polyphenic development in the origin of morphological and behavioural diversity

Potatoes, Bulletin, no. 41

The Bulletin is a publication of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire

I. Tomato growing in New Hampshire II. Notes on tomato breeding, Bulletin, no. 42

The Bulletin is a publication of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire

Sustainable Grazing Management for Temporal and Spatial Variability in North Australian Rangelands–A Synthesis of the Latest Evidence and Recommendations

Rainfall variability is a major challenge to sustainable grazing management in northern Australia, with management often complicated further by large, spatially heterogeneous paddocks. This paper presents the latest grazing research and associated bio-economic modeling from northern Australia and assesses the extent to which current recommendations to manage for these issues are supported. Overall, stocking at around the safe long term carrying capacity will maintain land condition and maximize long term profitability. However, stocking rates should be varied in a risk-averse manner as pasture availability varies between years. Periodic wet season spelling is also essential to maintain pasture condition and allow recovery of overgrazed areas. Uneven grazing distributions can be partially managed through fencing, providing additional waters and in some cases patch burning, although the economics of infrastructure development are extremely context dependent. Overall, multipaddock grazing systems do not appear justified in northern Australia. Provided the key management principles outlined above are applied in an active, adaptive manner, acceptable economic and environmental outcomes will be achieved irrespective of the grazing system applied

Do Multi-Paddock Systems Increase Evenness of Grazing at the Paddock Scale?

There is ongoing debate about the benefits of multi-paddock rotationally grazed systems compared to continuous grazing (Briske et al. 2008). One of the purported benefits of high density short duration grazing is more spatially uniform defoliation. A commercial-scale trial in northern Australia (Hunt et al. 2013) compared continuously grazed paddocks to cell grazed and wet season spelled systems in newly developed paddocks. This paper reports the effect of grazing system on defoliation with distance to water through time