Temporal cross talk between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria regulates oxidative stress and mediates microparticle-induced endothelial dysfunction

Aims: Circulating microparticles (MPs) from metabolic syndrome patients and those generated from apoptotic T-cells induce endothelial dysfunction; however, the molecular and cellular mechanism(s) underlying in the effects of MPs remain to be elucidated. Results: Here, we show that both types of MPs increased expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers XBP-1, p-eIF2alpha and CHOP and nuclear translocation of ATF6 on human aortic endothelial cells. MPs decreased in vitro nitric oxide release by human aortic endothelial cells, whereas in vivo MP injection into mice impaired the endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by acetylcholine. These effects were prevented when ER stress was inhibited suggesting that ER stress is implicated in the endothelial effects induced by MPs. MPs affected mitochondrial function and evoked sequential increase of cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pharmacological inhibition of ER stress and silencing of neutral sphingomyelinase with siRNA abrogated all MP-mediated effects. Neutralization of Fas-Ligand carried by MPs abolished effects induced by both MP types, whereas neutralization of low density lipoprotein-receptor on endothelial cells prevented T-lymphocyte MP-mediated effects. Innovation and Conclusion: Collectively, endothelial dysfunction triggered by MPs involves temporal cross-talk between ER and mitochondria with respect to spatial regulation of ROS via the neutral sphingomyelinase and interaction of MPs with Fas and/or low density lipoprotein-receptor. These results provide a novel molecular insight into the manner MPs mediate vascular dysfunction and allow identification of potential therapeutic targets to treat vascular complications associated with metabolic syndrome.Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université dʼAngers and Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire dʼAngers

Réseaux de transduction stimulés par les récepteurs à activité tyrosine kinase et les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G dans les cellules myométriales (rôle dans l'activation des protéines ERK et impact sur la prolifération cellulaire)

Cette étude concerne les réseaux de signalisation impliqués dans la régulation de la prolifération des cellules musculaires lisses utérines (cellules myomètriales), celle-ci jouant un rôle essentiel dans le contrôle des activités de l'utérus. Nous avons démontré, dans des cellules de myomètre de rate en culture primaire, l'implication des MAP kinases de type ERK dans l'effet mitogène de différents agents: le PDGF, un facteur de croissance qui interagit avec un récepteur à activité tyrosine kinase, l'endothéline-1 (ET-1), un peptide mitogénique qui interagit avec un récepteur couplé aux protéines Gi et Gq dans le myomètre, et le pervanadate (PV), un inhibiteur de protéines tyrosine phosphatases. Nos résultats ont démontré que le PDGF et le PV stimulent les voies PLCg1/InsP3 et ERK qui conduisent à la libération d'acide arachidonique et à la biosynthèse de prostaglandines impliquées dans la production d'AMPc. L'effet inhibiteur de l'AMPc sur l'activation de ERK et la synthèse d'ADN induites par les PDGF et le PV souligne l'existence d'une boucle de rétroinhibition au niveau des réponses médiées par ces deux agents. Nous avons également montré la présence et l'activation par le PV des protéines tyrosine kinases de la famille Src dans les cellules de myomètre. Ces protéines sont impliquées dans l'activation de la PLCg1 et la production d'InsP3 dues au PV, et dans l'activation de ERK par ET-1. En effet, l'activation de ERK par ET-1 met en jeu la stimulation séquentielle de PKC, Src et Ras. Par ailleurs, deux voies de transduction contribuent à l'activation PKC-dépendante de ERK par ET-l: une voie Gq/PLCb/InsP3/PKC conventionnelles et nouvelles, et une voie Gi/PI3-kinase/PKC atypiques. L'ensemble de cette étude contribue à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de régulation de la prolifération des cellules de myomètre, qui intervient dans des conditions physiologiques (gestation) mais aussi pathologiques (fibromes) et physiopathologiques (préterme).In this study, we aimed to analyse the signalling pathways involved in the regulation of myometrial cells proliferation which plays an essential role in uterine functions. We demonstrated, in rat myometrial cells in primary culture, the involvement of MAP kinases of the ERK type in the mitogenic effect of various agents: PDGF, a growth factor acting through a receptor tyrosine kinase, endothelin-1 (ET -1), a mitogenic peptide which interacts in the myometrium with receptors coupled to Gi and Gq proteins, and pervanadate (PV), a potent protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor. Our results showed that PDGF and PV induced PLC-g1/Ins3 stimulation and ERK activation that both contribute to cAMP production by increasing the release of arachidonic acid and the biosynthesis of prostaglandin. The inhibition of ERK activation and DNA synthesis by cAMP constitutes a potentially important negative feedback loop for PDGF and PV- mediated responses. The presence and the activation by PV of tyrosine kinases of the Src family was also demonstrated in rat myometrial cells. These kinases contributed to the activation of PLCg1 and the production of InsP3 triggered by PV, and to the activation of ERK induced by ET-1. Indeed, we demonstrated that ET-1-mediated ERK activation involves the sequential activation of PKC, Src and Ras. We also showed that two signalling pathways contribute to the PKC-dependant ERK activation induced by ET-1: a Gq-PLCb-InsP3-conventional/novel PKC and a Gi-PI3kinase-atypical PKC pathway. Altogether, the results demonstrate the presence of signalling networks required for the regulation of myometrial cells proliferation which play an essential role in physiological conditions (gestation) as well as pathological (fibroma) and physiopathological (preterm) conditions.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Rôle de l'axe Sphingosine Kinase 1 / Sphingosine -1- Phosphate dans la régulation de l'expression de la Cyclooxygénase 2 dans le myomètre de rate gestante

LE KREMLIN-B.- PARIS 11-BU Méd (940432101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Another example of enzymatic promiscuity: the polyphosphate kinase of Streptomyces lividans is endowed with phospholipase D activity

International audiencePolyphosphate kinases (PPK) from different bacteria, including that of Streptomyces lividans, were shown to contain the typical HKD motif present in phospholipase D (PLD) and showed structural similarities to the latter. This observation prompted us to investigate the PLD activity of PPK of S. lividans, in vitro. The ability of PPK to catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), the PLD substrate, was assessed by the quantification of [3H]phosphatidic acid (PA) released from [3H]PC-labeled ELT3 cell membranes. Basal cell membrane PLD activity as well as GTPγS-activated PLD activity was higher in the presence than in absence of PPK. After abolition of the basal PLD activity of the membranes by heat or tryptic treatment, the addition of PPK to cell membranes was still accompanied by an increased production of PA demonstrating that PPK also bears a PLD activity. PLD activity of PPK was also assessed by the production of choline from hydrolysis of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) in the presence of the Amplex Red reagent and compared to two commercial PLD enzymes. These data demonstrated that PPK is endowed with a weak but clearly detectable PLD activity. The question of the biological signification, if any, of this enzymatic promiscuity is discussed

ERa dimerization: a key factor for the weak estrogenic activity of an ERa modulator unable to compete with estradiol in binding assays

International audienceEstrothiazine (ESTZ) is a weak estrogen sharing structural similarities with coumestrol. ESTZ failed to compete with [3H]17β-estradiol ([3H]17β-E2) for binding to the estrogen receptor α (ERα), questioning its ability to interact with the receptor. However, detection by atomic force spectroscopy (AFS) of an ESTZ-induced ERα dimerization has eliminated any remaining doubts. The effect of the compound on the proliferation of ERα-positive and negative breast cancer cells confirmed the requirement of the receptor. The efficiency of ESTZ in MCF-7 cells was weak without any potency to modify the proliferation profile of estradiol and coumestrol. Growth enhancement was associated with a proteasomal degradation of ERα without substantial recruitment of LxxLL coactivators. This may be related to an unusual delay between the acquisition by the receptor of an ERE-binding capacity and the subsequent estrogen-dependent transcription. A complementary ability to enhance TPA-induced AP-1 transcription was observed, even at concentrations insufficient to activate the ERα, suggesting a partly independent mechanism. ESTZ also rapidly and transiently activated ERK1/2 likely through membrane estrogenic pathways provoking a reorganization of the actin network. Finally, the systematic absence of biological responses with an ESTZ derivative unable to induce ERα dimerization stresses the importance of this step in the action of the compound, as reported for conventional estrogens. In view of the existence of many other ERα modulators (endocrine disruptors such as, for example, pesticides, environmental contaminants or phytoestrogens) with extremely weak or similar apparent lack of binding ability, our work may appear as pilot investigation for assessing their mechanism of action