How the cerebellum may monitor sensory information for spatial representation

The cerebellum has already been shown to participate in the navigation function. We propose here that this structure is involved in maintaining a sense of direction and location during self-motion by monitoring sensory information and interacting with navigation circuits to update the mental representation of space. To better understand the processing performed by the cerebellum in the navigation function, we have reviewed: the anatomical pathways that convey self-motion information to the cerebellum; the computational algorithm(s) thought to be performed by the cerebellum from these multi-source inputs; the cerebellar outputs directed toward navigation circuits and the influence of self-motion information on space-modulated cells receiving cerebellar outputs. This review highlights that the cerebellum is adequately wired to combine the diversity of sensory signals to be monitored during self-motion and fuel the navigation circuits. The direct anatomical projections of the cerebellum toward the head-direction cell system and the parietal cortex make those structures possible relays of the cerebellum influence on the hippocampal spatial map. We describe computational models of the cerebellar function showing that the cerebellum can filter out the components of the sensory signals that are predictable, and provides a novelty output. We finally speculate that this novelty output is taken into account by the navigation structures, which implement an update over time of position and stabilize perception during navigation

Transcriptomic Signature of Human Embryonic Thyroid Reveals Transition From Differentiation to Functional Maturation

The human thyroid gland acquires a differentiation program as early as weeks 3–4 of embryonic development. The onset of functional differentiation, which manifests by the appearance of colloid in thyroid follicles, takes place during gestation weeks 10–11. By 12–13 weeks functional differentiation is accomplished and the thyroid is capable of producing thyroid hormones although at a low level. During maturation, thyroid hormones yield increases and physiological mechanisms of thyroid hormone synthesis regulation are established. In the present work we traced the process of thyroid functional differentiation and maturation in the course of human development by performing transcriptomic analysis of human thyroids covering the period of gestation weeks 7–11 and comparing it to adult human thyroid. We obtained specific transcriptomic signatures of embryonic and adult human thyroids by comparing them to non-thyroid tissues from human embryos and adults. We defined a non-TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) dependent transition from differentiation to maturation of thyroid. The study also sought to shed light on possible factors that could replace TSH, which is absent in this window of gestational age, to trigger transition to the emergence of thyroid function. We propose a list of possible genes that may also be involved in abnormalities in thyroid differentiation and/or maturation, hence leading to congenital hypothyroidism. To our knowledge, this study represent the first transcriptomic analysis of human embryonic thyroid and its comparison to adult thyroid

Transcriptome, Methylome and Genomic Variations Analysis of Ectopic Thyroid Glands

Congenital hypothyroidism from thyroid dysgenesis (CHTD) is predominantly a sporadic disease characterized by defects in the differentiation, migration or growth of thyroid tissue. Of these defects, incomplete migration resulting in ectopic thyroid tissue is the most common (up to 80%). Germinal mutations in the thyroid-related transcription factors NKX2.1, FOXE1, PAX-8, and NKX2.5 have been identified in only 3% of patients with sporadic CHTD. Moreover, a survey of monozygotic twins yielded a discordance rate of 92%, suggesting that somatic events, genetic or epigenetic, probably play an important role in the etiology of CHTD.Journal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tValidation StudiesSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Monitoring biosecurity in poultry production: an overview of databases reporting biosecurity compliance from seven European countries

Compliance with required on-farm biosecurity practices reduces the risk of contamination and spread of zoonotic and economically important diseases. With repeating avian influenza epidemics in the poultry industry, the need to monitor and improve the overall level of biosecurity is increasing. In practice, biosecurity compliance is assessed by various actors (e.g., academic, private and public institutions), and the results of such assessments may be recorded and gathered in databases which are seldom shared or thoroughly analyzed. This study aimed to provide an inventory of databases related to the assessment of biosecurity in poultry farms in seven major poultry-producing European countries to highlight challenges and opportunities associated with biosecurity data collection, sharing, and use. The institutions in charge of these databases were contacted and interviewed using a structured questionnaire to gather information on the main characteristics of the databases and the context of their implementation. A total of 20 databases were identified, covering the gamut of poultry species and production types. Most databases were linked to veterinary health authorities or academia, and to a lesser extent interbranch organizations. Depending on the institutions in charge, the databases serve various purposes, from providing advice to enforcing regulations. The quality of the biosecurity data collected is believed to be quite reliable, as biosecurity is mostly assessed by trained farm advisors or official veterinarians and during a farm visit. Some of the databases are difficult to analyze and/or do not offer information concerning which biosecurity measures are most or least respected. Moreover, some key biosecurity practices are sometimes absent from certain databases. Although the databases serve a variety of purposes and cover different production types, each with specific biosecurity features, their analysis should help to improve the surveillance of biosecurity in the poultry sector and provide evidence on the benefits of biosecurity

Clonage, séquençage et purification d'une protéine thyroïdienne liant le calcium et phosphorylée par un processus dépendant de l'AMP cyclique: LA CALCYPHOSINE.

Doctorat en Sciencesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Gestion des nuisances industrielles et paysage urbain : la proche banlieue parisienne, 1810-1960

Entre 1795 et 1805, des fabriques nouvelles fleurissent au coeur des grandes villes. Sur l’initiative du chimiste Chaptal, l’État réagit en faisant promulguer dès 1810 un décret-loi, qui répartit les établissements en trois classes, suivant l’importance des nuisances potentiellement occasionnées. Désormais, l’exercice d’une activité industrielle est subordonnée à la délivrance d’une autorisation par les autorités supérieures (suivant la période et la classe, le conseil d’État, le préfet de police ou le sous-préfet). Cette industrialisation, incitée par le décret, n’a pas seulement contribué à la structuration du paysage local, mais également à la constitution d’une véritable culture usinière et ouvrière, partie intégrante de l’identité de cette banlieue. La mise en oeuvre de ce corpus législatif a profondément imprimé sa marque sur certains territoires de banlieue, au travers des interventions du préfet de police, devenu à partir de 1852 le grand ordonnateur de la politique industrielle menée en périphérie de la capitale.Lefort Anne-Cécile. Gestion des nuisances industrielles et paysage urbain : la proche banlieue parisienne, 1810-1960. In: Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Italie et Méditerranée, tome 116, n°2. 2004. La culture scientifique à Rome à l’époque moderne. Pouvoir local et factions (XVe-XIXe siècle). Città e ambiente. Ospedali e sanità. pp. 773-785