The accumulation of the cyanobacterial toxin, microcystin, in cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants

We aimed to develop a high-sensitivity method to detect microcystin toxins in fruit tissue and to determine if irrigation with water containing toxic cyanobacteria may result in accumulation of microcystin toxins in fruit tissue and affect fruit development. In a greenhouse experiment bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) were grown in the summer under natural light and temperature between the months of September and August. Mature plants received treatments of toxic, Microcystis aeruginosa, applied twice weekly to the soil. To simulate naturally contaminated irrigation water, the M. aeruginosa were applied to plants as a suspension of intact cells. After harvesting, fruiting bodies (beans and tomatoes) were homogenized and extracted with 80% methanol (MeOH) and analyzed by ELISA for microcystins. The first extraction method tested the extraction of 0.45 g fruit tissue in 1.5 mL MeOH, buffered with PBS after 24 hr and yielded MC concentrations just above detectable limits of the ELISA. The second extraction method concentrated samples using a SpeedVac and yielded MC concentrations in range of the ELISA. The third method filtered samples from Method 2 as a preliminary investigation into matrix effects and reduced MC concentration on an average of 84%. To determine if Microcystis affected the growth of the plant’s fruit, all harvested beans and tomatoes were individually measured, weighed and photographed before processing their tissue for ELISA. The presence of cyanobacteria stimulated bean growth (t-Test P\u3c0.05), although there was no effect on the size or growth of tomatoes. Treated plants produced more fruit than the controls, although the difference was not statistically significant. The high - sensitivity method of MC extraction allows for detection of the cyanotoxins and microcystins, in the fruiting bodies of plants and an assessment of the health risk to humans and livestock

The influence of turbulence on the structure and propagation of enclosed flames

Although it has long been established that burning rates can be appreciably increased by turbulence, the actual extent of this increase and the precise mechanism involved are still far from clear. The object of the present research was to examine the effects of turbulence on burning velocity and on the physical structure of the flame surface under flow conditions similar to those experienced in turbojet afterburner systems

A computer architecture for intelligent machines

The Theory of Intelligent Machines proposes a hierarchical organization for the functions of an autonomous robot based on the Principle of Increasing Precision With Decreasing Intelligence. An analytic formulation of this theory using information-theoretic measures of uncertainty for each level of the intelligent machine has been developed in recent years. A computer architecture that implements the lower two levels of the intelligent machine is presented. The architecture supports an event-driven programming paradigm that is independent of the underlying computer architecture and operating system. Details of Execution Level controllers for motion and vision systems are addressed, as well as the Petri net transducer software used to implement Coordination Level functions. Extensions to UNIX and VxWorks operating systems which enable the development of a heterogeneous, distributed application are described. A case study illustrates how this computer architecture integrates real-time and higher-level control of manipulator and vision systems

Repetition and difference: Lefebvre, Le Corbusier and modernity's (im)moral landscape: a commentary

This article engages with the relationship between social theory, architectural theory and material culture. The article is a reply to an article in a previous volume of the journal in question (Smith, M. (2001) ‘Repetition and difference: Lefebvre, Le Corbusier and modernity’s (im)moral landscape’, Ethics, Place and Environment, 4(1), 31-34) and, consequently, is also a direct engagement with another academic's scholarship. It represents a critique of their work as well as a recasting of their ideas, arguing that the matter in question went beyond interpretative issues to a direct critique of another author's scholarship on both Le Corbusier and Lefebvre. A reply to my article from the author of the original article was carried in a later issue of the journal (Smith, M. (2002) ‘Ethical Difference(s): a Response to Maycroft on Le Corbusier and Lefebvre’, Ethics, Place and Environment, 5(3), 260-269)

Propagation of Errors for Matrix Inversion

A formula is given for the propagation of errors during matrix inversion. An explicit calculation for a 2 by 2 matrix using both the formula and a Monte Carlo calculation are compared. A prescription is given to determine when a matrix with uncertain elements is sufficiently nonsingular for the calculation of the covariances of the inverted matrix elements to be reliable.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures, figure 4 contains two eps file

Science opportunities from the Topex/Poseidon mission

The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) propose to conduct a Topex/Poseidon Mission for studying the global ocean circulation from space. The mission will use the techniques of satellite altimetry to make precise and accurate measurements of sea level for several years. The measurements will then be used by Principal Investigators (selected by NASA and CNES) and by the wider oceanographic community working closely with large international programs for observing the Earth, on studies leading to an improved understanding of global ocean dynamics and the interaction of the ocean with other processes influencing life on Earth. The major elements of the mission include a satellite carrrying an altimetric system for measuring the height of the satellite above the sea surface; a precision orbit determination system for referring the altimetric measurements to geodetic coordinates; a data analysis and distribution system for processing the satellite data, verifying their accuracy, and making them available to the scientific community; and a principal investigator program for scientific studies based on the satellite observations. This document describes the satellite, its sensors, its orbit, the data analysis system, and plans for verifying and distributing the data. It then discusses the expected accuracy of the satellite's measurements and their usefulness to oceanographic, geophysical, and other scientific studies. Finally, it outlines the relationship of the Topex/Poseidon mission to other large programs, including the World Climate Research Program, the U.S. Navy's Remote Ocean Sensing System satellite program and the European Space Agency's ERS-1 satellite program

Christian Wedding Ceremonies: "Nonreligiousness" in Contemporary Japan

Christian wedding ceremonies have, since the mid-1990s, displaced the Shinto rite and continue to remain Japan’s wedding ceremony of choice. In apparent contrast, the vast majority of Japanese individuals claim to be "nonreligious" or mushūkyō. Using the Christian wedding ceremonies of contemporary Japan as a context, this article explores the way in which claims of "non-religious-ness" are used to both reject and affirm religious behaviors. Most typically, nonreligious attitudes reject religious positions perceived as abnormal, foreign, unusually intense, deviant, or unhealthy while simultaneously affirming the importance of religion to affective acts of belief. Furthermore, nonreligious individuals tend to rely heavily on religious professionals and to vicariously entrust specialized acts of prayer and ritual to religious authorities when desirable and appropriate

A Spatial Exploration of Institutional Investment in Canada for the Year 2010

Using measures of central tendency, the average nonUS-based institutional investor has more capital invested in securities than his US-based counterpart. The present study shows that US-based investors favour manufacturing companies, whereas Canadian investors prefer companies based in natural resources. Nationally, Toronto acts more as the centre of gravity for Canadian institutional investors than New York City does for the United States. Comparatively, Toronto accounts for 70% of all Canadian investors while New York accounts for only 30% of the American total, despite it being the city with the most capital invested worldwide. Notwithstanding Alberta’s oil boom, inter-provincial investment capital show that Ontario is the leading province for receiving investment capital from Canadian sources, as well as investing institutional capital across Canada. Locally, investors in Montreal and Toronto are more spatially clustered than their American counterparts (Chicago and New York), since both Canadian cities are devoid of investors located in suburban areas