Maximizing the Efficiency using Montgomery Multipliers on FPGA in RSA Cryptography for Wireless Sensor Networks

The architecture and modeling of RSA public key encryption/decryption systems are presented in this work. Two different architectures are proposed, mMMM42 (modified Montgomery Modular Multiplier 4 to 2 Carry Save Architecture) and RSACIPHER128 to check the suitability for implementation in Wireless Sensor Nodes to utilize the same in Wireless Sensor Networks. It can easily be fitting into systems that require different levels of security by changing the key size. The processing time is increased and space utilization is reduced in FPGA due to its reusability. VHDL code is synthesized and simulated using Xilinx-ISE for both the architectures. Architectures are compared in terms of area and time. It is verified that this architecture support for a key size of 128bits. The implementation of RSA encryption/decryption algorithm on FPGA using 128 bits data and key size with RSACIPHER128 gives good result with 50% less utilization of hardware. This design is also implemented for ASIC using Mentor Graphics

A RAPID ISOCRATIC HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC-UV) METHOD FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF RITONAVIR IN HUMAN PLASMA

Objective: An accurate, simple, and rapid HPLC-UV based method for the quantitative determination of ritonavir (RTV) in human plasma is developed.Methods: The method involved deproteinization of the sample with 0.125N NaOH and methyl tertiary butyl ether and evaporated to dryness. The residue was reconstituted with mobile phase (20 mM Sodium Acetate and Acetonitrile–55:45 v/v). The analysis was done using C8 column (250 x 4.6 mm ID) and detection at a wavelength of 212 nmResults: The method range was linear over the range 0.5–10.0 µg/ml as derived using calibration curve method. Mean intra-and inter-day variations over the ranges of the standard curves were less than 10 % and mean extraction recoveries from human plasma ranged from 96 to 110 %.Conclusion: A rapid and accurate method for quantitation of RTV in plasma was validated. The assay spans the concentration range of clinical interest. The easy sample preparation and small sample size makes this assay highly suitable for pharmacokinetic studies of RTV in HIV-infected patients with TB.Keywords: Ritonavir, Pharmacokinetics, HPLC, Plasma extraction, HI

Design of RSA Processor and Field Arithmetic of ECC with Vedic Multipliers for Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks

In Wireless Sensor Nodes due to the resource constraintsthe fast multipliers are preferred for data processing. In this paper, the RSA processor using Vedic multiplication technique is proposed which is capable of achieving considerable speed and with minimum area utilization. The multiplication of two prime numbers is implemented using Nikhilam and UrdvaTriyagbagam multipliers. The results shows that there is good improvement in delay and device utilization usingUrdvaTriyagbagam method. UrdvaTriyagbagamis utilized in Point addition and Point doubling, which are finite field arithmetic of ECC in both prime and binary field. Multipliers are implemented on RSA and ECC over NIST/SECG GF (p) and GF (2m) curves and estimates the algorithms with respect to performance in speed and memory usage

Implementation of ECC on FPGA using Scalable Architecture With equal Data and Key for WSN

Security of data transferred on the Wireless Sensor Network is of vital importance. In public key cryptography RSA algorithm has been used for a long time, but it does not meet the constraints of WSNs. Elliptic Curve Cryptography(ECC) has been employed recently because of its highest security for same length bit. ECC point multiplication operation is time consuming which affects the speed of encryption and decryption of data. Security in WSNs is addressed in our work, where a modified ECC is designed by performing the point multiplication using Montgomery multiplication technique that achieves considerable speed and with reduced area utilization. The ECC is first simulated on different FPGA devices, with key length 11, 112, 131 and 163 bits and the area-speed tradeoff is compared. ECC algorithm is implemented with software and hardware choosing Artix 7 XC7a100t-3csg324 FPGA which supports key lengths of 11, 112, 131 and 163 bits. When implemented on a Artix 7 FPGA, it completes 163 bit data encryption operation over GF(2163 ) in 1ms with the maximum frequency of 229MHz. The ECC algorithm is reconfigurable with low level to high level security with different bit key sizes. The proposed ECC algorithm modeled using VHDL and synthesized on Spartan 3 and 6, Virtex 4, 5 and 6 and Artix7 before the hardware implementation on Atrix 7. The design satisfies the needs of resource constrained devices by decreasing the encryption and decryption time to 1 ms with equal keylength and datasize, while device utilization is within 13%

IMPLEMENTATION OF DOUBLE ENCRYPTION USING ELGAMAL AND KNAPSACK ALGORITHM ON FPGA FOR NODES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

The primary objective of this proposed work is to implement elliptical curve cryptography with matrix mapping techniques and knapsack algorithm for information encryption and decryption in nodes of Wireless Sensor Networks. In this paper through mapping method there is complication to guess the phrases as it does not show any regularity and knapsack algorithm avoids brute drive attack by growing confusions. The modules are integrated to perform matrix mapping, Knapsack encryption, knapsack decryption and de mapping. Verilog language is used for coding and simulation is completing on Xilinx ISE 13.4 and Spartan 6, Kintex 5 and Artix 7 FPGAs are used as the hardware. The complete crypto process is executed with frequency of 503.702 MHz. No Maximum combinational path delay is found in the implementation of modules. In comparison with previous works the area utilization in this work is very less, thus satisfying the resource constraints‟ of wireless sensor nodes

Reconfigurable hardware architecture of public key crypto processor for VANET and wireless sensor nodes

This work proposes encryption of text and image data, embedding as elliptic curve point. Finite field arithmetic is utilised efficiently in this reconfigurable crypto system. Pre-computations for text data and image input conversion is done using MATLAB. This architecture is tailored for cryptographic applications and VANET using Xilinx Spartan-xc3s100e-4-fg320 FPGA with Verilog coding. Total encryption and decryption time results around 10.09021 microseconds for 100×100 images, 22.091 microseconds for 256×256 images and 0.029 microseconds for a message. The message size is varied with different stream size and dynamic mapping of input data and a cipher image with high randomness indicates good security i.e., less vulnerable to attacks. An entropy statistical analysis is performed on plain and encrypted images to assess the strength of the proposed method. An encryption throughput rate is 450 Mbps

Design issues on software aspects and simulation tools for wireless sensor networks

In this paper, various existing simulation environments for general purpose and specific purpose WSNs are discussed. The features of number of different sensor network simulators and operating systems are compared. We have presented an overview of the most commonly used operating systems that can be used in different approaches to address the common problems of WSNs. For different simulation environments there are different layer, components and protocols implemented so that it is difficult to compare them. When same protocol is simulated using two different simulators still each protocol implementation differs, since their functionality is exactly not the same. Selection of simulator is purely based on the application, since each simulator has a varied range of performance depending on application

A single intranasal dose of human mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles after traumatic brain injury eases neurogenesis decline, synapse loss, and BDNF-ERK-CREB signaling

An optimal intranasal (IN) dose of human mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (hMSC-EVs), 90 min post-traumatic brain injury (TBI), has been reported to prevent the evolution of acute neuroinflammation into chronic neuroinflammation resulting in the alleviation of long-term cognitive and mood impairments. Since hippocampal neurogenesis decline and synapse loss contribute to TBI-induced long-term cognitive and mood dysfunction, this study investigated whether hMSC-EV treatment after TBI can prevent hippocampal neurogenesis decline and synapse loss in the chronic phase of TBI. C57BL6 mice undergoing unilateral controlled cortical impact injury (CCI) received a single IN administration of different doses of EVs or the vehicle at 90 min post-TBI. Quantifying neurogenesis in the subgranular zone-granule cell layer (SGZ-GCL) through 5′-bromodeoxyuridine and neuron-specific nuclear antigen double labeling at ~2 months post-TBI revealed decreased neurogenesis in TBI mice receiving vehicle. However, in TBI mice receiving EVs (12.8 and 25.6 × 109 EVs), the extent of neurogenesis was matched to naive control levels. A similar trend of decreased neurogenesis was seen when doublecortin-positive newly generated neurons were quantified in the SGZ-GCL at ~3 months post-TBI. The above doses of EVs treatment after TBI also reduced the loss of pre-and post-synaptic marker proteins in the hippocampus and the somatosensory cortex. Moreover, at 48 h post-treatment, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2), and phosphorylated cyclic AMP response-element binding protein (p-CREB) levels were downregulated in TBI mice receiving the vehicle but were closer to naïve control levels in TBI mice receiving above doses of hMSC-EVs. Notably, improved BDNF concentration observed in TBI mice receiving hMSC-EVs in the acute phase was sustained in the chronic phase of TBI. Thus, a single IN dose of hMSC-EVs at 90 min post-TBI can ease TBI-induced declines in the BDNF-ERK-CREB signaling, hippocampal neurogenesis, and synapses

Synergistic effect p-phenylenediamine and n,n diphenylthiourea on the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of mild steel in dilute acid media

Electrochemical studies of the synergistic effect of p-phenylenediamine and n,n diphenylthiourea (TPD) as corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in dilute sulphuric and hydrochloric acid through weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization at ambient temperature were performed. Experimental results showed the excellent performance of TPD with an optimal inhibition efficiency of 88.18 and 93.88 %in sulphuric and 87.42 and 87.15 %in hydrochloric acid from both tests at all concentration studied. Polarization studies show the compound to be a mixed-type inhibitor. Adsorption of deanol on the steel surface was observed to obey the Langmuir and Frumkin isotherm models. X-ray diffractometry confirmed the absence of corrosion products and complexes. Optical microscopy confirmed the selective inhibition property of TPD to be through chemical adsorption on the steel surfac