The importance of problems in the teaching of American history in high schools

Approved May 28 '09, J.L. MeriamTypescriptM.A. University of Missouri 1909No invention, no conformity to a new mode of living, was ever brought about by an individual or community except to meet some definite need. Some obstacle, some difficulty, arose which had to be overcome. For example, the invention of the cotton gin was the result of a need for an improvement over the slow and tedious method of separating the seed from the fiber, by hand. In like manner, the edict passed by the Emperor of China in 1905 giving western education a place in the Chinese schools grew out of the feeling that China was in need of such a civilization. Granting this, the subject of history, which is an account of the development and growth of societies or nations, in its several phases, religious, political, social and institutional, is the result of various difficulties or problems which have presented themselves during this development. The best and most logical method of teaching history in the high school is to place it before the student in the form of problems, each smaller problem contributing to the solving of the main problem, or general movement. To do this, it is necessary to place the student, in so far as it is possible, in an imaginary situation similar to that in which those, who have been confronted with these difficulties, have found themselves. In this way, the student, knowing the chief difficulties and problems which have beset the race, comes into closer contact with the past, such thoughts and feelings are the real content of history. When the student is brought thus into contact with the thoughts and emotions, he is in a better position to interpret events because events are but signs of the inner thoughts of the race. The position that history should be taught in the form of problems will be maintained in this thesis, which presents considerations on the method worked out with a fourth-year class in American history in the Teachers College High School during the year 1908-1909.Includes bibliographical reference

Fa’afatāmanu talafeagai mo lesona fa’asaienisi: O le tu’ualalo mo a’oga a faia’oga saienisi fa’aōliōli. A culturally appropriate formative assessment in science lessons: Implications for initial science teacher education.

This study set out to find the views of Samoan teachers on formative assessment and to document any cultural aspects of the fa’aSamoa (or Samoan culture) that could hinder the use of formative assessment in science classrooms. In addition, the research was also an opportunity for professional development of teachers on doing formative assessment. The culturally constructed le-tautala or pupil silence in the classrooms that was mentioned by teachers seemed to hinder formative interactions in classrooms. Written worksheets from this study seemed to be culturally appropriate for doing formative assessment because it provided a way to overcome le-tautala, since the worksheets solicited responses from all pupils. At the same time these written formative assessment worksheets have the potential to enhance Samoan pupils learning of science concepts because of the opportunity provided for feedback and feedforward

DIFFERENCES IN THE MECHANICS OF ELITE TEN-PIN BOWLERS WHEN PERFORMING UNDER VARYING LEVELS OF ANXIETIES

We explored the differences in the mechanics of elite ten-pin bowlers when performing under high-anxiety (HA) versus low-anxiety (LA) and when achieving strikes versus non-strikes. Eleven right-handed elite bowlers bowled 10 shots in HA versus LA. The Mental Readiness Form-3 was used to assess the bowlers’ self-confidence, and somatic and cognitive anxieties, between the HA versus LA conditions. Selected bowling kinematics were analysed from the start of the fourth step to ball release. Bowlers reported significantly higher somatic and cognitive anxiety under HA compared with LA. HA was accompanied by a 1.4% increase in peak velocity of the left foot slide and a trend toward a 1.7% increase in right shoulder peak flexion velocities at the start of slide regardless of strikes or non-strikes. HA could have resulted in the bowlers rushing their shot

Power and International relations: Essays in Honour of Coral Bell

Coral Mary Bell AO, who died in 2012, was one of the world’s foremost academic experts on international relations, crisis management and alliance diplomacy. This collection of essays by more than a dozen of her friends and colleagues is intended to honour her life and examine her ideas and, through them, her legacy

An examination of service quality dimensionality and positive word-of-mouth intentions in a Chinese telecommunication context

Word-of-mouth is a powerful force in today&rsquo;s marketplace. However, few researchersexamine how the dimensions of SERVQUAL relate to positive word-of-mouth, particularly inthe Chinese market. This study attempts to fill this gap. The context is Chinesetelecommunication market. A survey was conducted with a sample of 241 respondents. Theresults showed that Reliability and Assurance encouraged more positive word-of-mouthintention, while Tangibles, Responsiveness, and Empathy did not have any significant effecton one&rsquo;s word-of-mouth. These findings have useful implications to international servicecompanies, particularly those operating in a Chinese environment, by identifying factors thatare salient to the generation of positive word-of-mouth. <br /

Acoustical Evaluation of Café in Heritage Building at Jonker Walk, Melaka

All the time, café is an essential part of our daily life - a node where people socialize, work, or even where they got their inspiration of idea. Lately, there been booming of adaptive reuse of heritage buildings to become café along the Jonker Street Malacca; each café is various in size and theme. All these projects mainly to restore historical visual traits and focus on restoration through function change. Somehow, designers and planners always neglect the role of sound, which is very crucial element of our environment and daily lives when making place making. Thus, this research is aimed to investigate and evaluate the level of the acoustical performance of adaptive reuse buildings at Jonker Street Malacca. Analytical method on a computational modelling of cafe will be used for this research which involved acoustical evaluation (noise level, reverberation time, Speech Transmission Index) simulation. Few cafe types were modeled in a room acoustic simulation application with a manipulated variable of volume, sizes and ceiling height. Basic sound field properties of typical cafe types are highlighted based on the finding of the study. The generated index from variables hopefully could be used to design and evaluate café specific acoustic environments in the future

The influence of cultural values on brand loyalty

It is well documented that culture can influence consumer attitudes and behavior. While there have been numerous studies on how culture influences the four Ps of the marketing mix, few researchers have examined its effect on customer loyalty. More specifically, how consumers who identify more with certain cultural traits are likely to be more brand loyal. Using Hofstede&rsquo;s cultural dimensions, this study empirically examines cultural effects on consumer-reported &ldquo;proneness&rdquo; to brand loyalty and finds that those who scored highly in individualism and uncertainty avoidance have greater affinity for exhibiting loyalty to a brand.<br /

How well does the index of receptivity to tobacco industry promotion discriminate between smoking and never smoking adolescents.

Tobacco advertising is often named as the culprit that causes children to start smoking (Lancaster &amp; Lancaster, 2003). This belief can partly be attributed to the Index of Receptivity to Tobacco Industry Promotion (IRTIP) developed by Evans, Farkas, Gilpin, Berry, &amp; Pierce (1995). IRTIP was later modified and used by Pierce, Choi, Gilpin, Farkas, &amp; Berry (1998) in a longitudinal study that claimed to have found a causal link between advertising and adolescent cigarette trial. The model is advertised by the American National Cancer Institute (2004) as being able to measure the likelihood of an adolescent starting smoking. Because of Pierce&rsquo;s causality claim and this endorsement, IRTIP has been widely adopted by tobacco-control researchers. Consequently, the results from IRTIP based surveys have played a central role in influencing tobacco control policy. Based on the logic that a model used to predict the chances of a non-smoker becoming a smoker should be able to distinguish between these two groups, discriminant analysis with dummy coded variables was used to validate IRTIP. The results show that while IRTIP classifies never-smokers well, it grossly misclassifies smokers. This leads to questions about the validity of the model and of studies using IRTIP.<br /

THE EFFECT OF VISUAL GAZE LOCATION ON BLOCK-START BIOMECHANICS IN ATHLETICS

This study investigated the effects of varying visual gaze location (VGL), by means of externally-focused instruction, during the block-start “set” phase with the intention of optimizing block-start biomechanics for faster starts in an athlete-specific manner. Nine collegiate sprinters performed a series of block-starts while directing their VGL to their personal baselines, and at 0.5m, 1m, 2m and 3m from the start line. Twelve infrared opto-reflective cameras and one force plate were utilized to assess trunk, hip, knee and centre of mass kinematics, and blocks push-phase kinetics. An eyetracker was used to determine participants’ VGL. Some postural changes observed were a significant decrease in pelvic height in the “set” position, and more upright trunk postures at toe-off from the blocks, when participants gazed further at 2m and 3m. Gazing at 1m was effective in eliciting changes to pelvic horizontal velocity. These results suggest that manipulating VGL could help certain athletes to optimize their block-start biomechanics for faster starts. Coaches can consider redirecting VGL in addition to usual instructional methods to improve the block-start performances of athletes