Session 6: Airline industry’s sustainability for climate change

The greenhouse gas emissions generated by the airline industry have had a significant impact on global climate change, and the key question is how to reduce that impact. Although the general public disproportionately focuses on air travel without adequately considering more significant factors behind rising carbon dioxide levels such as electricity and heating, climate change is one of the greatest concerns of our time and the airline industry must act responsibly. Minimizing the adverse environmental effects of aviation activities has been a global priority in the area of aviation regulation, including ICAO’s Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). This presentation will discuss diverse regulatory and non-regulatory approaches to minimizing the adverse environmental effects by the airline industry

Session 4: The Montreal Protocol of 2014 dealing with disruptive passengers

In the international civil aviation context, “unruly or disruptive passenger” has been used to refer to “passengers who fail to respect the rules of conduct on board aircraft or to follow the instructions of crew members and thereby disturb the good order and discipline on board aircraft.” (ICAO Doc 10117) Unruly passenger issues have been a focus of ICAO for some time, with the move toward a diplomatic conference in order to address jurisdictional and other issues with the Tokyo Convention of 1963. Consequently, the Montreal Protocol of 2014 was adopted. This presentation will look at the role of the Montreal Protocol of 2014 in a new era of international travel

Against Aviation Orthodoxy: India\u27s Foreign Investment Regime for the Airline Industry

The foreign investment regime governing the airline industry has been the subject matter of considerable debate. Our goal in this article is to supplement the literature by embarking on an analysis of the foreign investment regime in India and to cautiously suggest that India’s new regulatory reforms could be a harbinger for other states. A study of the foreign investment regime in the airline industry in India is both interesting and timely, for at least two reasons. First, India has nearly everything that bodes well for the growth of an aviation market, and it is one of the fastest growing aviation markets in the world. Second, the Indian Government has introduced substantial reforms to liberalize the aviation sector. Although India has transitioned from a highly restrictive regime to one that is among the most liberal in the world—and that too within a relatively short span of time—we argue in this article that the liberalized norms give rise to tension on several counts that is not easy to resolve. For instance, the policy creates a dichotomy between foreign airline investors (who face a restrictive regime) and non-airline investors (who enjoy a liberal regime). Moreover, the restrictions on “substantial ownership and effective control” that apply to the airline investors give rise to several issues in implementation. This is complicated further by the influence of several interest groups that seek to influence government policy in this area. These are generally incumbent airline companies and their controllers who seek to raise the bar for new entrants. Even if Indian domestic law on foreign investments can be addressed, the ownership and control requirements under various bilateral agreements between India and other countries (which cater for the operation of flights between those countries) tend to pose a stumbling block towards full liberalization. Unlike domestic laws which can be reformed unilaterally, India’s ability to unlock the investment restrictions under the bilateral agreements is much more circumscribed given that such negotiations occur within the realm of reciprocity. Despite various shortcomings in India’s foreign investment policy in the airline sector, the industry has witnessed massive growth. It remains to be seen whether resolving the regulatory problems will unleash its further potential. It will also be illuminating to see how and to what extent India’s new way will influence other states as to their policy

REGIONAL LIBERALIZATION IN INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT: TOWARDS NORTHEAST ASIAN OPEN SKIES

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Effect of laser-dimpled titanium surfaces on attachment of epithelial-like cells and fibroblasts.

PurposeThe objective of this study was to conduct an in vitro comparative evaluation of polished and laserdimpled titanium (Ti) surfaces to determine whether either surface has an advantage in promoting the attachment of epithelial-like cells and fibroblast to Ti.Materials and methodsForty-eight coin-shaped samples of commercially pure, grade 4 Ti plates were used in this study. These discs were cleaned to a surface roughness (Ra: roughness centerline average) of 180 nm by polishing and were divided into three groups: SM (n=16) had no dimples and served as the control, SM15 (n=16) had 5-µm dimples at 10-µm intervals, and SM30 (n=16) had 5-µm dimples at 25-µm intervals in a 2 × 4 mm(2) area at the center of the disc. Human gingival squamous cell carcinoma cells (YD-38) and human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) were cultured and used in cell proliferation assays, adhesion assays, immunofluorescent staining of adhesion proteins, and morphological analysis by SEM. The data were analyzed statistically to determine the significance of differences.ResultsThe adhesion strength of epithelial cells was higher on Ti surfaces with 5-µm laser dimples than on polished Ti surfaces, while the adhesion of fibroblasts was not significantly changed by laser treatment of implant surfaces. However, epithelial cells and fibroblasts around the laser dimples appeared larger and showed increased expression of adhesion proteins.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that laser dimpling may contribute to improving the periimplant soft tissue barrier. This study provided helpful information for developing the transmucosal surface of the abutment