VARIAÇÃO FONOLÓGICA E FONOLOGIA COMO A GRAMÁTICA DE COMPREENSÃO

O sistema vocálico do português brasileiro apresenta contraste de 7 vogais na posição tônica. As vogais médias podem flutuar na posição pretônica – {E ~ e ~ i, o ~ ~ u} pelos processos fonológicos, como a harmonia vocálica de [Alto] ou [ATR] e a redução vocálica, e podem sofrer os processos fonológicos na posição tônica, cf. XXX (2011). Essas alternâncias nas vogais médias têm sido um dos temas mais discutidos na literatura, embora a variação linguística não seja a preocupação maior dos modelos teóricos propostos (na verdade, tem sido excluída da maioria deles). Na tradição gramatical, desde o estruturalismo, todo o esforço se concentra em como o falante produz as formas fonéticas e, assim, concebe-se um modelo de gramática unidirecional – da representação subjacente para a representação fonética – de modo que pouca atenção tem sido dada à compreensão. A variação/opcionalidade (fonológica), no entanto, envolve duas ou mais formas fonéticas possíveis. E, como mostram XXX & Oliveira (2006), a flutuação nas vogais médias em posição pretônica envolve questões mais complexas, como: mistura de atuação de processos fonológicos, escolha aleatória dos processos, casos de realização categórica, compreensão comum e mudança categórica de classe. Isso cria a necessidade de discussão e busca de elaboração de uma nova concepção de fonologia que inclui o conhecimento linguístico para a produção e a compreensão. Atentando para esse fato, este artigo propõe uma reinterpretação do componente fonológico na gramática, a partir do modelo proposto por Hale, Kissock and Reiss (2007)

Interface Fonologia-Morfologia: Diminutivos no PB

Este trabalho discute e reanalisa a formação de diminutivos no Português Brasileiro (doravante, PB) e suas propriedades fonológicas, morfológicas e sintáticas. A formação de diminutivo é um dos assuntos mais discutidos na literatura e há divergências quanto ao estatuto dos sufixos  de diminutivo (-inho/-zinho) e quanto à sua formação, que são tratados como: i) sufixos derivacionais; ii) sufixos com estatuto de palavras fonológicas; iii) derivação por sufixação -inho(a) e composição fonológica por sufixação -zinho(a); iv) composição fonológica; v) OO-Correspondência, vi) Adjunção sintática, etc. (cf. CÂMARA, 1970; LEITE, 1974; MORENO, 1977; BRAKEL, 1981; LEE, 1995; MENUZZI, 1993; FERREIRA, 2004, BACHRACH WAGNER, 2005). Lee (1999) mostra que os sufixos de diminutivos -- -inho(a) e -zinho(a) -- apresentam comportamentos fonológicos e morfológicos bem diferentes das outras operações morfológicas, tais como derivação, flexão e composição e são tratados como sufixos de formação produtiva

Favoritism and Corporate Law: The Confused Corporate Opportunity Doctrine in the Hyundai Motor Case

Core legal principles of U.S. corporate law are often met with perplexity in foreign jurisdictions – this is especially true when a particular principle remains controversial even in the U.S. This Article takes the corporate opportunity doctrine and examines how it has been exported to the civil law regime in Korea. Korean conglomerates such as Samsung Group and Hyundai Motor Group have become major players in the global market, but corporate law and practice in Korea have had a difficult time keeping up with the developments in the business sector. The Hyundai Motor Case demonstrates an ambitious but ill-fated attempt at adoption of U.S. corporate legal doctrine in Korea. This Article explains and analyzes the case and the new codified corporate opportunity doctrine rule in the Korean Commercial Code from a comparative perspective, and suggests that the dialogue surrounding the corporate opportunity doctrine in Korean legal and business communities are oriented in the wrong direction and that the new rule needs substantial refinement

Favoritism and Corporate Law: The Confused Corporate Opportunity Doctrine in the Hyundai Motor Case

Core legal principles of U.S. corporate law are often met with perplexity in foreign jurisdictions. This is especially true for legal principles that are controversial even in the U.S. This Article takes the corporate opportunity doctrine and examines how it has been exported to the civil law regime in Korea. Korean conglomerates such as Samsung Group and Hyundai Motor Group have become major players in the global market, but corporate law and practice in Korea have had a difficult time keeping up with developments in the business sector. The Hyundai Motor Case demonstrates an ambitious, but ill-fated, attempt at the adoption of U.S. doctrine in Korea. This Article explains and analyzes the case and the new codified corporate opportunity doctrine rule in the Korean Commercial Code from a comparative perspective, and suggests that the dialogue surrounding the corporate opportunity doctrine in Korean legal and business communities is oriented in the wrong direction and that the new rule needs substantial refinement

Favoritism and Corporate Law: The Confused Corporate Opportunity Doctrine in the Hyundai Motor Case

Core legal principles of U.S. corporate law are often met with perplexity in foreign jurisdictions. This is especially true for legal principles that are controversial even in the U.S. This Article takes the corporate opportunity doctrine and examines how it has been exported to the civil law regime in Korea. Korean conglomerates such as Samsung Group and Hyundai Motor Group have become major players in the global market, but corporate law and practice in Korea have had a difficult time keeping up with developments in the business sector. The Hyundai Motor Case demonstrates an ambitious, but ill-fated, attempt at the adoption of U.S. doctrine in Korea. This Article explains and analyzes the case and the new codified corporate opportunity doctrine rule in the Korean Commercial Code from a comparative perspective, and suggests that the dialogue surrounding the corporate opportunity doctrine in Korean legal and business communities is oriented in the wrong direction and that the new rule needs substantial refinement

Distribution and Conservation of Long-billed Plovers Charadrius placidus in Korea

AbstractThe Long-billed Plover Charadrius placidus of distribution was surveyed from 2002 to 2005, on rivers, streams and coasts of 38 areas within Korea. The Sum of highest numbers (sum of peak counts) of Long-billed Plovers at 24 sites was 198 individuals. Number of observed individuals during breeding period was 88 individuals, 129 individuals during the migration period, and 56 individuals during the wintering period. The Long-billed Plover breeds and migrates throughout Korea. They spend winter south of 37° latitude. Highest numbers (73 individuals) were observed at Daejeon. Therefore, streams and rivers of Korea are considered as an important habitat for the Long-billed Plover

Toxicity Studies on Secretio Bufonis: A Traditional Supplement in Asia

AbstractObjectivesThis study was performed to investigate the toxicity of Secretio Bufonis (SB) on male mice and assess its no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL).Materials and MethodsAfter feeding an aqueous solution of SB extracts to mice for either 1 or 8 weeks, their blood and urine were assayed and their liver and kidney morphology examined. The numerical data was analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U-test and analysis of variance test.ResultsMice administered SB in 50 mg/kg/day for 1 week had higher heart weights and higher aspartate transaminase activities; those administered SB in 0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks had lower creatinine concentrations; and those administered SB in 0.5 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks had higher brain weights and higher blood urea nitrogen.ConclusionsThe extracts of SB had cardiac toxicity in the short term and hepatotoxicity in the long term. The NOAEL of the extract was under 5 mg/kg/day for 1 week and under 0.25 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks

Accuracy and Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Pes Anserinus Bursa Injection

The term “pes anserinus tendinobursitis (PATB)” is generally used to describe the inflammatory condition of pes anserinus bursa (PAB). Ultrasound (US) is widely used as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool to improve the assessment and management of joints and soft tissues. We performed the study to prove the accuracy and efficacy of US-guided injections in patients with PATB by comparing blind interventions. Forty-seven patients were randomly assigned to an US-guided and a blind injection group. The patients in the US-guided group were given injections under sonographic visualization. Otherwise, in the blind group, injections were provided in the conventional technique without any sonographic guidance. After the management, the accuracy of the injections was assessed by identifying the injectate location using the US. Treatment efficacy was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) of knee tenderness. The US-guided group showed that the injectates were located at the PAB accurately in all participants, whereas the blind group revealed that the materials were found to be at the bursa side only in 4 out of 22 patients. VAS scores of the US-guided group significantly improved compared to the blind group. In conclusion, US-guided PAB injections are more accurate and efficacious than blind approaches