Current-induced synchronized switching of magnetization

We investigate current-induced magnetization switching for a multilayer structure that allows a reduced switching current while maintaining high thermal stability of the magnetization. The structure consists of a perpendicular polarizer, a perpendicular free-layer, and an additional free-layer having in-plane magnetization. When the current runs perpendicular to the structure, the in-plane free-layer undergoes a precession and supplies an internal rf field to the perpendicular free-layer, resulting in a reduced switching current for one current polarity. For the other polarity, the in-plane free-layer almost saturates perpendicular to the plane and acts as another perpendicular polarizer, which also reduces the switching current.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figure

Estimates of M-Harmonic Conjugate Operator

We define the M-harmonic conjugate operator K and prove that for 1<p<∞, there is a constant Cp such that ∫S|Kf|pωdσ≤Cp∫S|f|pωdσ for all f∈Lp(ω) if and only if the nonnegative weight ω satisfies the Ap-condition. Also, we prove that if there is a constant Cp such that ∫S|Kf|pvdσ≤Cp∫S|f|pwdσ for all f∈Lp(w), then the pair of weights (v,w) satisfies the Ap-condition

Estimates of weighted Hardy–Littlewood averages on the p-adic vector space

AbstractIn the p-adic vector space Qpn, we characterize those non-negative functions ψ defined on Zp*={w∈Qp:0<|w|p⩽1} for which the weighted Hardy–Littlewood average Uψ:f→∫Zp*f(t⋅)ψ(t)dt is bounded on Lr(Qpn) (1⩽r⩽∞), and on BMO(Qpn). Also, in each case, we find the corresponding operator norm ‖Uψ‖

Work-Related Perceptions, Injuries, and Musculoskeletal Symptoms: Comparison Between U.S.-Educated and Foreign-Educated Nurses.

Immigrants account for a significant proportion of the nursing workforce in the United States (U.S.). Although different cultural backgrounds may affect immigrant nurses' perceptions of work and occupational health risks, little research has been conducted. Defining immigrant nurses as those who received initial nursing education in foreign countries, this study examined the differences in work-related perceptions and experiences of musculoskeletal (MS) symptoms and injuries between U.S.-educated and foreign-educated nurses. We analyzed data from a cross-sectional study using a statewide random sample of 419 California registered nurses. Foreign-educated nurses reported a more positive safety climate (p = .017) and perceived their jobs as less demanding (p = .008) than did U.S.-educated nurses. The prevalence of work-related MS symptoms was significantly lower in foreign-educated nurses than in U.S.-educated nurses (p = .044), but the difference was not significant in the multivariable analyses. Positive safety climate was significantly associated with a decreased risk of work-related MS symptoms and injuries, and this relationship was greater among U.S.-educated nurses than among foreign-educated nurses. Our findings suggest that immigrant nurses may have different perceptions about safety climate and job demand, which may modify their occupational health risks