The Applicability of the Crime of Aggression to Armed Conflicts Involving Quasi-States

The crime of aggression, as defined in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, is only applicable to inter-state armed conflicts. There is, however, a gray area when an armed conflict erupts in the territory of a recognized state and initially looks like civil war, but has international elements such as the involvement of a quasi-state whose status and rights are disputed in international law. Resolving the issue of whether the crime of aggression is applicable to disputes involving quasi-states is important because (1) there are many quasi-states throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa; and (2) quasi-states are a major source of war due to the inherent nature of their militarized society and the long-term tensions that exist between a quasi-state, its mother state, and its external patron state. The applicability of the crime of aggression to quasi-states depends on the interpretation of the meaning of “state” in the context of aggression. The meaning of “state” reflects a contradiction, because although state-like entities exist regardless of whether they receive recognition, recognition performs a function in determining which entities are qualified to join institutional clubs. Like recognized states, unrecognized quasi-states have been both perpetrators and victims of aggression. Yet, because they lack recognition, they have neither been protected nor prosecuted under the crime of aggression. This dissertation offers a suggestion for how “state” should be defined in the crime of aggression, and consequently, how the crime of aggression should be applied to armed conflicts involving quasi-states

Impact of Features and Display Ads on the Demand for Orange Juice: An Extension of the Rotterdam Demand Model

Florida’s citrus industry has a long history of using generic advertising as a primary instrument for shifting demand for various forms of citrus juices. Consumption behavior and consumer responses to these advertising are expected to substantially differ with each type of citrus juice These juices are classified into several groups defined as: frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ); refrigerated ready to- service not form concentrate (NFC); and refrigerated ready-to-service from concentrated orange juice (RECON). RECON comes from the fact that bulk concentrate has to be reconstituted into the ready-to-service form. While these juices may be substitutable, they fundamentally differ in both form and perception about the product attributes. Furthermore, the expectation is that demand for each juice type differs geographically because of the climate, economics, and demographics. Geographically, four U.S. regions are defined to be Northeast, West, South and North Central. Given the cost and marketing strategies needed, it is paramount that the industry understand any differences in demand across product forms and geographical market. Hence, the purpose of this study is to determine the demand and then measure the impacts of feature and display advertisements on the demand orange juice by form and market location. Feature and display ads are common methods for promoting orange juice as it is for many commodities. Specifically for the citrus industry, feature ads include best-food-day ads, store flyers, circulars, and other printed materials. Display ads include the display of the products in secondary locations, cut cases placed next to regular shelf location, and those displays in primary locations which give visual interest of the product in the store. With each media, the primary question is how much impact do these programs have on the overall demand for orange juice? Turning to established consumer demand models, these impacts are measured in this paper. A system of orange juice demand equations are estimated using the absolute price version of the Rotterdam model by Barten. The exact model is not specified at this point. The demand model is estimated with restrictions Engel aggregation, linear homogeneity,and symmetric assumptons imposed. Imposing advertising variables in a demand system, only adding up restriction involves the impact of advertising must be offset by demand decreases for other products to satisfy the budget condition as a result of demand increase for some products. Demand model is transposed to the differentiated terms based on the average values of the expenditures, prices, and quantities to simulate the impact of prices and advertising change on demand. The quantities and prices are included across regions, time, and product forms.Demand and Price Analysis, Marketing,

Awareness and Perception of Cybercrimes and Cybercriminals

Awareness is a starting point to recognize, understand, or know a situation or fact, and the perception makes a difference in how to deal with it. Although the term cybercrime may not be new to the most public and the police, not all of them are well aware of the nature and extent of cybercrimes, cybercriminals, and cyber-victims, which in turn affects their perceptions of matters. The four papers in this issue of the International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence and Cybercrime empirically examine these important topics and discuss policy implications

Cyberbullying: Its Social and Psychological Harms Among Schoolers

Criminal justice around the world has prioritized the prevention and protection of bullying and its victims due to the rapid increases in peer violence. Nevertheless, relatively few studies have examined what treatments or assistance are effective for peer victims to reduce and recover from their social and psychological suffering, especially in cyberbullying cases. Using data derived from the National Crime Victimization Survey-School Crime Supplement data in 2011 and 2013 (N=823), the current study examined the impact of two emotional support groups (i.e., adult and peer groups) on cyberbullying victims\u27 social and psychological harm. The findings indicated that both adult and peer support reduced social and psychological harm inflicted by cyberbullying victimization. Based on these findings, the study recommends developing or modifying existing adult and peer support groups to minimize victims\u27 social and psychological distress

The Role of IT in a Healthy Business Ecosystem: An Exploratory Study of the Korean Capital Market from a Keystone Company\u27s Perspective

The business environmental structure is constantly being shaped by customer\u27s desires and market dynamics. A large number of loosely interconnected participants make up a business ecosystem, and offers a customized and complete set of products and services. In a business ecosystem, the competitiveness of a company is influenced by its own capability and its interrelated partners\u27 capabilities. Therefore, a company should enhance not only its competitiveness but also related companies\u27 capabilities. To do this, a company has to find its place in the business ecosystem to make a complete business strategy using IT. This paper provides business ecosystem strategies and academic guidelines from the perspective of a single company. Firstly, a business ecosystem perspective is conceptualized, and the importance of a keystone company\u27s role in the ecosystem is examined. Then, using a case study method, focus is put on the keystone\u27s IT capabilities that pave the way for a healthy business ecosystem. This paper explores the Korean Capital Market as an example of a business ecosystem and finds the role of IT, particularly from the perspective of a keystone company. Through this study, it is confirmed that the keystone company\u27s IT capabilities play an important role in the healthy business ecosystem. This paper provides guidelines to practitioners in keystone companies and gives ideas to IT researchers

Glycomic analysis of high density lipoprotein shows a highly sialylated particle.

Many of the functional proteins and lipids in high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles are potentially glycosylated, yet very little is known about the glycoconjugates of HDL. In this study, HDL was isolated from plasma by sequential micro-ultracentrifugation, followed by glycoprotein and glycolipid analysis. N-Glycans, glycopeptides, and gangliosides were extracted and purified followed by analysis with nano-HPLC Chip quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry and MS/MS. HDL particles were found to be highly sialylated. Most of the N-glycans (∼90%) from HDL glycoproteins were sialylated with one or two neuraminic acids (Neu5Ac). The most abundant N-glycan was a biantennary complex type glycan with two sialic acids (Hexose5HexNAc4Neu5Ac2) and was found in multiple glycoproteins using site-specific glycosylation analysis. The observed O-glycans were all sialylated, and most contained a core 1 structure with two Neu5Acs, including those that were associated with apolipoprotein CIII (ApoC-III) and fetuin A. GM3 (monosialoganglioside, NeuAc2-3Gal1-4Glc-Cer) and GD3 (disialoganglioside, NeuAc2-8NeuAc2-3Gal1-4Glc-Cer) were the major gangliosides in HDL. A 60% GM3 and 40% GD3 distribution was observed. Both GM3 and GD3 were composed of heterogeneous ceramide lipid tails, including d18:1/16:0 and d18:1/23:0. This report describes for the first time a glycomic approach for analyzing HDL, highlighting that HDL are highly sialylated particles

An Examination of Contextual and Organizational Factors Influencing Police Use of Force: A Multilevel Model

The current study attempts to bridge this gap in research between contextual factors and police use of force. It also deepens our understandings of the association between organizational factors and use of force by incorporating police training into the analytical model. Finally, this study expands prior research by including multiple police agencies in the sample, thus producing research findings that can be more easily generalized

Prevalence of type-specific oncogenic human papillomavirus infection assessed by HPV E6/E7 mRNA among women with high-grade cervical lesions

SummaryObjectivesHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major cause of premalignant dysplasia and cervical cancer. There are no data on the prevalence of genotype-specific HPV infection assessed by HPV E6/E7 mRNA in women representative of the Korean population across a broad age range.MethodsA total of 630 women aged 17–90 years were enrolled in this study. ThinPrep liquid-based cytology samples were evaluated using the CervicGen HPV RT-qDx assay, which detects 16 high-risk (HR) HPV genotypes (set 1: HPV 16, 31, 33, 35, 52, and 58; set 2: HPV 18, 39, 45, 51, 59, and 68; and set 3: HPV 53, 56, 66, and 69).ResultsThe overall prevalence of HPV infection was 33.2% (n=209), and oncogenic high-risk HPV was detected in 75.9% (n=107) of 141 women with high-grade cervical lesions. HPV 16 was the most common HPV genotype among women with high-grade cervical lesions and histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 and above (CIN2+) in the Republic of Korea (41.6%). Among women aged over 30 years, 182/329 (55%) had invasive cervical cancer and 135 (74%) of these were infected with oncogenic HR-HPV types (in particular 25% with HPV 16). Among patients diagnosed with CIN2+, the positivity rate of HR-HPV was the highest in women aged 40–49 years.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the determination of specific HPV genotypes is very important for evaluating the potential impact of preventive measures, including the use of prophylactic vaccines, on reducing the burden of cervical cancer