The Major Influences of the U.S. Constitutional Law Doctrines on the Interpretation and Application of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea : Critical Analysis on the Current Constitutional Court\u27s Decisions and Thoughts of the Necessity of Amendment of the Current Constitution of the Republic of Korea

Since the end of World War II, the United States has affected constitutionalism in many countries of Asia. The United States occupied the Philippines (1898-1946, except 1943-1945), Japan (1945-1952), and South Korea (1945-1948) and encouraged democratic revolution there, with different polices and results. The U.S.A. Military Government in Korea ( USAMGIK ) directly governed southern part of Korean Peninsula from its liberation in 1945 until the establishment of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea with declaration of beginning of independence in 1948. Although Americans did not participate in drafting the Constitution, USAMGIK gave its essential backing to the autonomy of Korea\u27s constitution-making process with making series of ordinance. Moreover, with relatively short constitutional history, the Constitution has been amended nine times during last five decades. In the course of this transition, the influence of American constitutional law doctrines has been enormous. With all the above respects, the primary purpose of this research is to find how the United States\u27 constitutionalism has influenced on the interpretation and application of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea. Through attaining this purpose, one might be able to find the development of human rights situation as well as the new judicial environment in South Korea, which is the secondary purpose of this research

The Potential for Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB) Disruption During 3D Transcranial Ultrasound Super-Resolution Imaging

Super-Resolution (SR) ultrasound dramatically improves the resolution of microvascular images beyond the diffraction limit. It is well-established that ultrasound with contrast agents, like those used in SR, can open the blood brain barrier (BBB) under certain conditions. This study aims to quantify potential BBB disruption during 3D transcranial ultrasound SR as a function of mechanical index (MI) and pressure distribution. Mice were imaged using conventional 3D SR sequences. BBB disruption was quantified through fluorescence imaging of dye extravasation for 0-0.78 transmit MI (measured in water). Results suggest 3D SR at 0.78 MI induced BBB opening; however, imaging was achievable without significant dye extravasation below 0.78. Hydrophone measurements and 3D modeling were performed to estimate local pressure distributions in the brain. Estimates of local MI within the brain indicate 0.44-0.53 MI generates BBB bioeffects. Results may help inform parameter choices for effectively conducting transcranial 3D SR imaging to avoid BBB opening.Master of Scienc

Simulations of BEAVRS Benchmark Cycle 2 Depletion with MCS/CTF Coupling System

The quarter-core simulation of BEAVRS Cycle 2 depletion benchmark has been conducted using the MCS/CTF coupling system. MCS/CTF is a cycle-wise Picard iteration based inner-coupling code system, which couples sub-channel T/H (thermal/hydraulic) code CTF as a T/H solver in Monte Carlo neutron transport code MCS. This coupling code system has been previously applied in the BEAVRS benchmark Cycle 1 full-core simulation. The Cycle 2 depletion has been performed with T/H feedback based on the spent fuel materials composition pre-generated by the Cycle 1 depletion simulation using refueling capability of MCS code. Meanwhile, the MCS internal one-dimension T/H solver (MCS/TH1D) has been also applied in the simulation as the reference. In this paper, an analysis of the detailed criticality boron concentration and the axially integrated assembly-wise detector signals will be presented and compared with measured data based on the real operating physical conditions. Moreover, the MCS/CTF simulated results for neutronics and T/H parameters will be also compared to MCS/TH1D to figure out their difference, which proves the practical application of MCS into the BEAVRS benchmark two-cycle depletion simulations. (C) 2019 Korean Nuclear Society, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC

Eficacia antiincrustante de una formulación de pintura de reducción controlada con acetofenona

Biofouling is an inevitable problem that occurs continually on marine fishing vessels and other small crafts. The nature of the antifouling (AF) coatings used to prevent biofouling on these small vessels is of great environmental concern. Therefore, the efficacy of a non-toxic AF candidate, acetophenone, was evaluated in preliminary laboratory assays using marine bacteria, diatom and Ulva spores. At a low concentration of 100 μg cm–2 of acetophenone, spore attachment of a green fouling alga was significantly reduced (p < 0.01). Similarly, 40% acetophenone coatings significantly inhibited diatom attachment. This new non-toxic AF agent was incorporated into controlled depletion paint (CDP). Fouling coverage (%), biomass, and fouling resistance (%) were estimated. On CDP coatings made with acetophenone (40%), a significant decrease in fouling biomass was estimated (p < 0.01).El biofouling es un problema inevitable que ocurre continuamente en los buques de pesca marina y en las pequeñas embarcaciones. La naturaleza de los recubrimientos antiincrustantes (AF) usados para prevenir el bioincrustado en estos pequeños buques tiene gran preocupación ambiental. Por lo tanto, la eficacia de un candidato AF no tóxico, la acetofenona, se evaluó en ensayos preliminares de laboratorio usando bacterias marinas, diatomeas y esporas de Ulva. A una concentración baja de 100 μg cm–2 de acetofenona, la adherencia de esporas de una alga incrustante verde se redujo significativamente (p < 0.01). Del mismo modo, el revestimiento de acetofenona a un nivel del 40% inhibieró significativamente la adherencia de diatomeas. Además, esta nueva acetofenona AF no tóxica se incorporó a la pintura de reducción controlada (CDP). La cobertura de las incrustaciones (%), la biomasa y la resistencia a la incrustación (%) fueron estimadas. En recubrimientos de CDP donde se incorporó la acetofenona (40%), se estimó una disminución significativa de la biomasa incrustante (p < 0.01)

A Multi-Physics Adaptive Time Step Coupling Algorithm for Light-Water Reactor Core Transient and Accident Simulation

A new reactor core multi-physics system addresses the pellet-to-cladding heat transfer modeling to improve full-core operational transient and accident simulation used for assessment of reactor core nuclear safety. The rigorous modeling of the heat transfer phenomena involves strong interaction between neutron kinetics, thermal-hydraulics and nuclear fuel performance, as well as consideration of the pellet-to-cladding mechanical contact leading to dramatic increase in the gap thermal conductance coefficient. In contrast to core depletion where parameters smoothly depend on fuel burn-up, the core transient is driven by stiff equation associated with rapid variation in the solution and vulnerable to numerical instability for large time step sizes. Therefore, the coupling algorithm dedicated for multi-physics transient must implement adaptive time step and restart capability to achieve prescribed tolerance and to maintain stability of numerical simulation. This requirement is met in the MPCORE (Multi-Physics Core) multi-physics system employing external loose coupling approach to facilitate the coupling procedure due to little modification of constituent modules and due to high transparency of coupling interfaces. The paper investigates the coupling algorithm performance and evaluates the pellet-to-cladding heat transfer effect for the rod ejection accident of a light water reactor core benchmark

A Rapid Prototyping Method for Sub-MHz Single-Element Piezoelectric Transducers by Using 3D-Printed Components

We present a rapid prototyping method for sub-megahertz single-element piezoelectric transducers by using 3D-printed components. In most of the early research phases of applying new sonication ideas, the prototyping quickness is prioritized over the final packaging quality, since the quickness of preliminary demonstration is crucial for promptly determining specific aims and feasible research approaches. We aim to develop a rapid prototyping method for functional ultrasonic transducers to overcome the current long lead time (>a few weeks). Here, we used 3D-printed external housing parts considering a single matching layer and either air backing or epoxy-composite backing (acoustic impedance > 5 MRayl). By molding a single matching layer on the top surface of a piezoceramic in a 3D-printed housing, an entire packaging time was significantly reduced ( 1) at focus with temporal pulse controllability (maximum amplitude by <5-cycle burst). We adopted an air-backing design (Type A) for efficient pressure outputs, and bandwidth improvement was tested by a tungsten-composite-backing (Type B) design. The acoustic characterization results showed that the type A prototype provided 3.3 kPa/Vpp far-field transmitting sensitivity with 25.3% fractional bandwidth whereas the type B transducer showed 2.1 kPa/Vpp transmitting sensitivity with 43.3% fractional bandwidth. As this method provided discernable quickness and cost efficiency, this detailed rapid prototyping guideline can be useful for early-phase sonication projects, such as multi-element therapeutic ultrasound array and micro/nanomedicine testing benchtop device prototyping

RAST-K v2-Three-Dimensional Nodal Diffusion Code for Pressurized Water Reactor Core Analysis

The RAST-K v2, a novel nodal diffusion code, was developed at the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) for designing the cores of pressurized water reactors (PWR) and performing analyses with high accuracy and computational performance by adopting state-of-the-art calculation models and various engineering features. It is a three-dimensional multi-group nodal diffusion code developed for the steady and transient states using microscopic cross-sections generated by the STREAM code for 37 isotopes. A depletion chain containing 22 actinides and 15 fission products and burnable absorbers was solved using the Chebyshev rational approximation method. A simplified one-dimensional single-channel thermal-hydraulic calculation was performed with various values for the thermal conductivity. Advanced features such as burnup adaptation and CRUD modeling capabilities are implemented for the multi-cycle analysis of commercial reactor power plants. The performance of RAST-K v2 has been validated with the measured data of PWRs operating in Korea. Furthermore, RAST-K v2 has been coupled with a sub-channel code (CTF), fuel performance code (FRAPCON), and water chemistry code for multiphysics analyses. In this paper, the calculation models and engineering features implemented in RAST-K v2 are described, and then the application status of RAST-K v2 is presented

The Major Influences of the U.S. Constitutional Law Doctrines on the Interpretation and Application of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea : Critical Analysis on the Current Constitutional Court\u27s Decisions and Thoughts of the Necessity of Amendment of the Current Constitution of the Republic of Korea

Since the end of World War II, the United States has affected constitutionalism in many countries of Asia. The United States occupied the Philippines (1898-1946, except 1943-1945), Japan (1945-1952), and South Korea (1945-1948) and encouraged democratic revolution there, with different polices and results. The U.S.A. Military Government in Korea ( USAMGIK ) directly governed southern part of Korean Peninsula from its liberation in 1945 until the establishment of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea with declaration of beginning of independence in 1948. Although Americans did not participate in drafting the Constitution, USAMGIK gave its essential backing to the autonomy of Korea\u27s constitution-making process with making series of ordinance. Moreover, with relatively short constitutional history, the Constitution has been amended nine times during last five decades. In the course of this transition, the influence of American constitutional law doctrines has been enormous. With all the above respects, the primary purpose of this research is to find how the United States\u27 constitutionalism has influenced on the interpretation and application of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea. Through attaining this purpose, one might be able to find the development of human rights situation as well as the new judicial environment in South Korea, which is the secondary purpose of this research

The Development of Soft Actuation and Selective Control Methods through Vaporization

Soft robotics is a promising field that can solve several limitations of traditional rigid robotics. These systems are composed of soft and flexible materials to achieve high degrees-of-freedom and compliance with their surroundings. An important part of soft robotics is developing methods to actuate the soft structures. A popular method involves inflating soft hollow structures with a pneumatic pump that can achieve rapid and precise actuation. However, the structure must be tethered to a heavy and rigid pump, which limits its application. An alternative method vaporizes embedded liquid to inflate the structure instead. The simplest and widely used design to vaporize such liquid is by installing a heating element near the liquid. Heating the system beyond the boiling point rapidly boils the liquid and deforms the structure. The small amount of liquid and heater makes it easier to be packaged into a portable device. Nevertheless, this technique possesses several limitations that must be improved to be practical. This dissertation addresses these limitations and introduces methods that can advance the field for future robotics. Chapter 2 describes how actuation through vaporization can be affected by the environment and introduces a system that consists of double-layered walls and a thermoelectric device. Chapter 3 aims to implement ultrasonic waves that propagate through materials, which enables a system with detachable parts. Chapter 4 utilizes vibrating mesh atomization to drastically improve the slow actuation speed by evaporating small droplets with large surface areas. Last, chapter 5 introduces a method that can potentially remove electrical components by combining ultrasonics with shape optimization. These studies show that soft actuation through vaporization has significant room for improvement and can potentially replace commercial actuation methods with further optimization

A comparison of teacher and subject status in a junior high school

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the perceived status of teachers in a secondary school. The marginal man theory and teacher socialization theory were used as a framework for this study. A total number of sixty five teachers from 7, 8, and 9th grade were chosen for this study. Overall, the results of this study showed that non-academic subject teachers\u27 status were perceived to be lower than the academic teacher. The findings suggested that the non-academic subject teachers were living in the academic subject oriented workplace where they experience contradictory status. Consequently, the non-academic subject teachers experience marginality. In order to alleviate feelings of marginality resulting from their contradictory status and fit into the academic-subject-oriented school culture, this study showed that the non-academic teachers used three strategies: (1) legitimizing by which they identify their subjects are compatible or relating to students\u27 learning of the academic subjects; (2) downplaying and up-playing by which they articulate an ideology to help them view their own subjects more favorably; and (3) embracing significant others by which they promote visibility of their subjects emphasizing community support for their special program