Rapid determination of selected meat components using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

A new and rapid multicomponent analysis of foods has been developed by using near infrared reflectance spectrometry. The spectroscopic technique of Near Infrared Reflectance Analysis (NIRA) has required the use of transformation of the correlation matrix, a mathematical technique of multiple regression analysis in order to generate the empirical calibration required for the success of the technique. Preliminary calibration curves for beef, pork, and beef and pork mixture have been developed using an InfraAlyzer 400(\u27TM) (Technicon Industrial Systems, Tarrytown, N.Y.) and a Hewlett-Packard 9815\u27A\u27 calculator (Hewlett-Packard Company, Santa Clara, CA). The accuracy of these preliminary prediction regression equations was not satisfactory for the use of in-process control in meat processing. In subsequent experiments, a Vita Mix blender (Vita Mix Corp., Cleveland, Ohio) was introduced to improve the homogeneity of the samples and a Hewlett-Packard 85 personal computer (Hewlett-Packard Company, Santa Clara, CA) replaced the less powerful Hewlett-Packard 9815\u27A\u27. Nineteen beef samples with varying amounts of collagen were prepared and measured via the InfraAlyzer 400(\u27TM) and hydroxyproline. The multiple correlation coefficients (R(\u272)) of the prediction equations for hydroxyproline, protein, fat, and moisture were 0.9389, 0.7745, 0.9329, and 0.9425, respectively. Correlations of 0.2754, 0.5279, 0.8020, and 0.8745 were found between near infrared values and chemical analysis values for hydroxyproline, protein, fat, and moisture. The R(\u272) values for emulsified pork were 0.9469 for protein, 0.9662 for fat, and 0.9524 for moisture. Correlations between near infrared values and chemical analysis values were 0.8857 for protein, 0.9725 for fat, and 0.9628 for moisture. With the improved accuracy of prediction equations through the improved sampling procedure and the most capable computer programming, the near infrared reflectance analysis can be an alternative technique for rapid determination of selected meat components

Velocity-space sensitivity of the time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at JET

The velocity-space sensitivities of fast-ion diagnostics are often described by so-called weight functions. Recently, we formulated weight functions showing the velocity-space sensitivity of the often dominant beam-target part of neutron energy spectra. These weight functions for neutron emission spectrometry (NES) are independent of the particular NES diagnostic. Here we apply these NES weight functions to the time-of-flight spectrometer TOFOR at JET. By taking the instrumental response function of TOFOR into account, we calculate time-of-flight NES weight functions that enable us to directly determine the velocity-space sensitivity of a given part of a measured time-of-flight spectrum from TOFOR

Relationship of edge localized mode burst times with divertor flux loop signal phase in JET

A phase relationship is identified between sequential edge localized modes (ELMs) occurrence times in a set of H-mode tokamak plasmas to the voltage measured in full flux azimuthal loops in the divertor region. We focus on plasmas in the Joint European Torus where a steady H-mode is sustained over several seconds, during which ELMs are observed in the Be II emission at the divertor. The ELMs analysed arise from intrinsic ELMing, in that there is no deliberate intent to control the ELMing process by external means. We use ELM timings derived from the Be II signal to perform direct time domain analysis of the full flux loop VLD2 and VLD3 signals, which provide a high cadence global measurement proportional to the voltage induced by changes in poloidal magnetic flux. Specifically, we examine how the time interval between pairs of successive ELMs is linked to the time-evolving phase of the full flux loop signals. Each ELM produces a clear early pulse in the full flux loop signals, whose peak time is used to condition our analysis. The arrival time of the following ELM, relative to this pulse, is found to fall into one of two categories: (i) prompt ELMs, which are directly paced by the initial response seen in the flux loop signals; and (ii) all other ELMs, which occur after the initial response of the full flux loop signals has decayed in amplitude. The times at which ELMs in category (ii) occur, relative to the first ELM of the pair, are clustered at times when the instantaneous phase of the full flux loop signal is close to its value at the time of the first ELM

Impact of nitrogen seeding on confinement and power load control of a high-triangularity JET ELMy H-mode plasma with a metal wall

This paper reports the impact on confinement and power load of the high-shape 2.5MA ELMy H-mode scenario at JET of a change from an all carbon plasma facing components to an all metal wall. In preparation to this change, systematic studies of power load reduction and impact on confinement as a result of fuelling in combination with nitrogen seeding were carried out in JET-C and are compared to their counterpart in JET with a metallic wall. An unexpected and significant change is reported on the decrease of the pedestal confinement but is partially recovered with the injection of nitrogen.Comment: 30 pages, 16 figure