A city\u27s dichotomous response to postwar change: Charleston, West Virginia, 1919-1923

In the spring of 1919, Americans awaited the final resolution of World War I. This war, which had begun in the summer of 1914 and had involved direct American military intervention since April, 1917, had been effectively won by the Allies in November, 1918. However, the official resolution of the war required the completion of the Versailles Treaty, which the world leaders signed in June, 1919. Although most American sought a return to “normalcy,” a term used by Warren G. Harding in the presidential election of 1920, such an outcome proved unobtainable in most American communities because of the dramatic technological, demographic and social changes that began to emerge. Cities, whose municipal governments worked in conjunction with civic organizations and religious leaders, ultimately had to determine how to promote and to discourage many of these changes. Charleston, West Virginia, also experienced these changes. Charleston served as the capitol city of the state and the county seat of Kanawha County, the largest and most populous county in the state. At the close of the war, the city stood as a growing industrial center and began a municipal campaign. From a city of 11,099 inhabitants in 1900 and 22,996 in 1910, Charleston had continued to grow substantially. The federal census of 1920 showed the population within corporate limits of the city to be 39,608. This represented a percentage increase for each decade of 107.2 and 70.2 respectively. The 1920 census showed the population to consist of 85.2 percent native white, 3.4 percent foreign born white, and 11.4 percent Negro. A postal census of September 1, 1 922, showed a population of 43,667. Additionally, neither of these sources accounted for the growing suburbs of the city. These included to the west: South Charleston, Dunbar, Spring Hill, Institute, High Lawn, St. Albans, and Nitro; and to the east: Kanawha City, Malden, Belle, and Cabin Creek Junction. All of these were within easy reach of the capitol trolley cars, steam railways, paved highways, or the navigable Kanawha River. Charleston’s industrial district included a population of about 120,000 and its trade area an estimated 360,000

Responses to stimulation of atrial receptors

Complex sensory nerve endings, functioning as stretch receptors exist within the vessel walls of both the high and low pressure vascular systems. The reflex effects of stimulation of receptors in the high pressure system (arterial baroreceptors) are known in some detail; less is known regarding the function of receptors in the low pressure system. The work reported here is concerned with the reflex responses to stimulation of unencapsulated nerve endings found within the endocardium of the left atrium and having myelinated afferent fibres in the vagus nerves (left atrial receptors).Evidence is presented that stimulation of left atrial receptors leads to complex and highly specific reflex responses. Stimulation of left atrial receptors causes a reflex increase in heart rate which is mediated mainly through the cardiac sympathetic nerves. There is also a reflex decrease in renal vascular resistance, although the resistance in other vascular beds remains unaltered. Stimulation of atrial receptors did not cause any change in respiratory rate or tidal volume. Stimulation of atrial receptors is associated with a diuresis and under some circumstances a natriuresis. At least a part of the diuresis appeared to be dependant on a decrease in the concentration of vasopressin in the plasma. More recently it became possible to measure the plasma concentration of vasopressin by radioimmunoassay and it was shown that stimulation of atrial receptors caused a reflex decrease in plasma vasopressin concentration. The recent demonstration that the atrial myocytes produce a natriuretic peptide (atrial natriuretic factor), which is released during atrial distension, adds another dimension to the control of blood volume. The release of this peptide was not influenced by atrial receptor stimulation.The atrial receptors appear to provide one mechanism by which either total blood volume, or the filling of the heart may be detected. The reflex increase in heart rate induced by atrial receptor stimulation may act along with the "Starling Mechanism" to maintain heart volume constant. Continued stimulation of atrial receptors, acting through the renal nerves and a reduction in plasma vasopressin, will promote the excretion of water and salt and tend to reduce blood volume.LIST OF CONTENTS: 1. Ledsome, J.R., Linden, R.J. & O'Connor, W.J. (1961). The mechanisms by which distension of the left atrium produce diuresis in anaesthetized dogs. J. Physiol. 159, 87-100. 2. Ledsome, J.R. & Linden, R.J. (1964). A reflex increase in heart rate from distension of the pulmonary vein-atrial junctions. J. Physiol. 170, 456-473. 3. Ledsome, J.R. & Linden, R.J. (1967). The effects of distending a pouch of the left atrium on the heart rate. J. Physiol. 193, 121-129. 4. Ledsome, J.R. & Linden, R.J. (1968). The role of the left atrial receptors in the diuretic response to left atrial distension. J. Physiol. 198, 487-503. 5. Carswell, F., Hainsworth, R. & Ledsome, J.R. (1970). The effects of distension of the pulmonary vein-atrial junctions upon peripheral vascular resistance. J. Physiol. 207, 1-14. 6. Ledsome, J.R. & Hainsworth, R. (1970). The effects upon respiration of distension of the pulmonary vein-atrial junctions. Respiration Physiol. 9, 86-94. 7. Carswell, F., Hainsworth, R. & Ledsome, J.R. (1970). The effects of left atrial distension upon urine flow from the isolated perfused kidney. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 55, 173-182. 8. Mason, J.M. & Ledsome, J.R. (1971). The effects of changes in the rate of infusion of vasopressin in anaesthetized dogs. Can. J. Physiol. 49, 933-940. 9. Ledsome, J.R. & Mason, J.M. (1972). The effect of vasopressin on the diuretic response to left atrial distension. J. Physiol. 221, 427-440. 10. Albrook, S.M., Bennion, G. & Ledsome, J.R. (1972). The effects of decerebration on the reflex response to pulmonary vein distension. J. Physiol. 226, 793-803. 11. Lawrence, M., Ledsome, J.R. & Mason, J.M. (1973). The time course of the diuretic response to left atrial distension. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 58, 219-227. 12. Burkhart, S.M. & Ledsome, J.R. (1974). The response to distension of the pulmonary vein-left atrial junctions in dogs with spinal section. J. Physiol. 237, 685-700. 13. Mason, J.M. & Ledsome, J.R. (1974). Effects of obstruction of the mitral orifice or distension of the pulmonary vein-atrial junctions on renal and hind limb vascular resistance in the dog. Circulation Research 35, 24-32. 14. Burkhart, S.M. & Ledsome, J.R. (1977). The response to distension of the pulmonary vein-left atrial junctions in anaesthetized dogs after section of the rostral medulla. J. Physiol. 273, 57-67. 15. Burkhart, S.M., Funnell, L. & Ledsome, J.R. (1977). The effects of medullary lesions on the reflex responses to carotid occlusion, aortic nerve stimulation, and distension of the pulmonary vein-left atrial junctions in the anaesthetized dog. J. Physiol. 273, 69-81. 16. Kidd, C., Ledsome, J.R. & Linden, R.J. (1978). The effect of distension of the pulmonary vein-atrial junction on activity of left atrial receptors. J. Physiol. (1978). 285, 445-453. 17. Ledsome, J.R., Wilson, N. and Ngsee, J. (1982). Time course of changes in plasma vasopressin during atrial distension. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 60, 1210-1218. 18. Ledsome, J.R., Ngsee, J. and Wilson, N. (1983). Plasma vasopressin concentration in the anaesthetized dog before, during and after atrial distension. J. Physiol. 338, 413-422. 19. Wilson, N. and Ledsome, J.R. (1983). Distension of the pulmonary vein-atrial junctions and plasma vasopressin in the chloralose anaesthetized dog. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 60, 905-910. 20. Ledsome, J.R. and Wilson, N. (1984). The relationship between plasma vasopressin concentration and urinary excretion during left atrial distension in anaesthetized dogs. Pflugers Arch. 400, 381-387. 21. Ledsome, J.R., Wilson, N. and Courneya, C.A. (1985). Plasma vasopressin during increases and decreases in blood volume in anaesthetized dogs. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 63, 224-229. 22. Ledsome, J.R. (1985). Atrial receptors, blood volume and vasopressin. Life Sciences 36, 1315-1330. 23. Ledsome, J.R., Wilson, N., Courneya, C.A. and Rankin, A.J. (1985). Release of atrial natriuretic peptide by atrial distension. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 63, 739-742. 24. Ledsome, J.R., Wilson, N., Rankin, A.J. and Courneya, C.A. (1985). Time course of release of atrial natriuretic peptide in the anaesthetized dog. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 64, 1017-1022

Enhancing sustainable design - the use of national and international standards in design education.

The British Standards Committee TDW/7 is responsible for publishing the ‘Design for Manufacture and Un-manufacture’ standard BS8887. This committee includes academic members. As a contribution to design education, this paper explains their use of standards in teaching, particularly with respect to sustainable design. The paper starts with an overview of their use, suggesting advantages and disadvantages. Case study examples are given of their use in four UK Universities and it is concluded that they can give a significant advantage in design teaching

Enhancing sustainable design - the use of national and international standards in design education.

The British Standards Committee TDW/7 is responsible for publishing the ‘Design for Manufacture and Un-manufacture’ standard BS8887. This committee includes academic members. As a contribution to design education, this paper explains their use of standards in teaching, particularly with respect to sustainable design. The paper starts with an overview of their use, suggesting advantages and disadvantages. Case study examples are given of their use in four UK Universities and it is concluded that they can give a significant advantage in design teaching

Enhancing sustainable design: The use of national and international standards in design education

The British Standards Committee TDW/7 is responsible for publishing the ‘Design for Manufacture and Un-manufacture’ standard BS8887. This committee includes academic members. As a contribution to design education, this paper explains their use of standards in teaching, particularly with respect to sustainable design. The paper starts with an overview of their use, suggesting advantages and disadvantages. Case study examples are given of their use in four UK Universities and it is concluded that they can give a significant advantage in design teaching

Mechanisms of hypertension during and after orthotopic liver transplantation in children

The aim of this study was to assess the hormonal alterations that may mediate the systemic hypertension that develops in patients during the perioperative period of orthotopic liver transplantation. We studied nine pediatric patients without previous hypertension or renal disease during six time points, starting before transplantation and ending at 48 hours after surgery. Hypertension developed in all patients in association with central venous pressures <10 mm Hg. Free water clearance was negative in all nine patients. Vasopressin levels increased intraoperatively but fell as hypertension developed. Atrial natriuretic factor levels increased as systemic blood pressure rose. A high level of plasma renin activity was observed in four patients with renal insufficiency. In six patients, postoperative 24-hour urinary norepinephrine excretion was within the normal age-adjusted range. These findings suggest that the combination of cyclosporine, corticosteroids, and, in some patients, an elevated plasma renin activity prevents the kidney from responding to the acute volume and salt overload with an appropriate diuresis and natriuresis, thus leading to systemic hypertension. The treatment of hypertension after liver transplantation may include salt restriction, diuretics, and, in those patients with a low creatinine excretion index, anglotensin coverting enzyme inhibitors. © 1989 The C. V. Mosby Company

Abdominal functional electrical stimulation to improve respiratory function after spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives: Abdominal functional electrical stimulation (abdominal FES) is the application of a train of electrical pulses to the abdominal muscles, causing them to contract. Abdominal FES has been used as a neuroprosthesis to acutely augment respiratory function and as a rehabilitation tool to achieve a chronic increase in respiratory function after abdominal FES training, primarily focusing on patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). This study aimed to review the evidence surrounding the use of abdominal FES to improve respiratory function in both an acute and chronic manner after SCI. Settings: A systematic search was performed on PubMed, with studies included if they applied abdominal FES to improve respiratory function in patients with SCI. Methods: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria (10 acute and 4 chronic). Low participant numbers and heterogeneity across studies reduced the power of the meta-analysis. Despite this, abdominal FES was found to cause a significant acute improvement in cough peak flow, whereas forced exhaled volume in 1 s approached significance. A significant chronic increase in unassisted vital capacity, forced vital capacity and peak expiratory flow was found after abdominal FES training compared with baseline. Conclusions: This systematic review suggests that abdominal FES is an effective technique for improving respiratory function in both an acute and chronic manner after SCI. However, further randomised controlled trials, with larger participant numbers and standardised protocols, are needed to fully establish the clinical efficacy of this technique