Insects: The Disregarded Domestication Histories

Domestication has irrevocably impacted human evolution. The domestication process/pathways have been the focus of abundant research for plants and vertebrates. Advances in genetics and archeology have allowed tremendous progresses in the understanding of domestication for these organisms. In contrast, insects’ domestication has comparatively received far less attention to date. Yet, insects are the most common animal group on Earth and provide many valuable ecosystem services to humans. Therefore, the aims of this chapter are (i) to provide an overview of main ancient and recent insect domestication histories and (ii) to reread them by the light of the domestication process, pathways, triggers, and consequences observed in other animal species. Some of the considered species (i.e., silkworm and honey bee) have been chosen because they are among the few insects commonly acknowledged as domesticated, while others allow illustrating alternative domestication patterns. The overview of current literature shows similar human-directed pathway and domestication syndrome (e.g., increased tameness, decreased aggressiveness, modified reproduction) between several insect species

Getting off on the right foot: Integration of spatial distribution of genetic variability for aquaculture development and regulations, the European perch case

International audienceKnowledge of spatial genetic variability patterns allows improving conservation actions, translocation regulations, and farming productivity. However, these genetic variability patterns are often considered after issues are observed, long after the beginning of production. By taking into account lessons from other species, we investigate the genetic variability of Perca fluviatilis, a species at a nascent stage of production. The genetic variability has been previously studied but, due to discrepancies between conclusions and methodological limits, the spatial distribution of genetic variability in P. fluviatilis has not been demonstrated conclusively. Here, we characterise the genetic variability across 84 West-Palaearctic sampling sites using mitochondrial and microsatellite markers. We aim to provide (i) a genetically-based population structure that could act as an impetus for further production improvement and (ii) guidelines for translocation regulations. Our analyses show an uneven distribution of genetic variability. Based on inter-populational genetic differentiation, we identify five large geographic scale clusters which are further divided into several subgroups. Local genetic diversity mapping highlights a spatial pattern with several hotspots, which has serious implications in the development of appropriate regulations of translocations. Moreover, we here report an association between genetic differentiations and previously reported zootechnical performances. We ultimately propose guidelines for further investigations of population-specific performances in aquaculture and potentially efficient regulations for policy-makers

Опыт лечения врожденных кист яичников у девочек на первом году жизни

В статті представлено три випадки оперативного лікування методом лапароскопії вроджених кист яєчника. Найчастіше перекрут вродженої кисти яєчника відбувається внутрішньоутробно, що може привести до самоампутації додатків матки з боку ураження. Показанням до оперативного лікування можуть слугувати відсутність регресу утворення, характерні ехоскопічні та доплерометричні ознаки.Three cases of laparoscopic treatment of congenital ovarian cysts are presented in the article. More often twisting of congenital ovarian cyst could happen intrauterously, what could cause autoamputation of adnexa. Indications to surgery could be an absence of regression of cyst and/or certain ultrasound and Doppler signs

Stalagmites' reactions to ground motion studied using modified Raspberry Shake and nodal sensors

editorial reviewedKarstic zones are numerous on Earth and offer a particular field of study to evaluate the ground motion levels that occurred in the past in support of regional seismic hazard assessment. Indeed, some fine and slender candlestick stalagmites are intact and therefore indicate that a certain level of ground motion has not been exceeded since they exist. Many parameters must be considered in the behaviour of stalagmites to earthquakes such as their shape, their mechanical properties and their natural frequency. A good way to better understand and characterize the reaction of these stalagmites to earthquakes is to study their reaction to the current permanent ground motion. To do this, a study based on the measurement of ambient seismic noise is underway in the cave of Han-sur-Lesse (Ardenne, Belgium). The ambient seismic noise is measured both at the surface (above the limestone massif and in the nearest village), on the floor of the cave and on the stalagmites themselves. Different three-component seismic sensors are used in parallel: three SmartSolo IGU-16HR 3C and two Raspberry Shake 3D Personal Seismographs, one of which has been adapted to be easily attached to the stalagmites. This parallel configuration during two-week recording periods made it possible to determine the eigenfrequencies and the polarization of the associated movements of 16 stalagmites. In addition, daily and weekly variations in ambient noise and transient events are measured such as earthquakes, quarry explosions or flooding in the cave. The presence of sensors in different places over the same period also makes it possible to study the possible impact of the caves local characteristics on these measurements

Breathing and Coughing: The Extraordinarily High Degassing of Popocatépetl Volcano Investigated With an SO2 Camera

How do lava domes release volcanic gases? Studying this problem is crucial to understand, and potentially anticipate, the generation of the sudden and dangerous explosive eruptions that frequently accompany dome extrusions. Since its awakening in 1994, Popocatépetl volcano has produced more than 50 lava domes and has been consistently among the strongest permanent emitters of volcanic gases. In this work, we have characterized the passive and explosive degassing between 2013 and 2016 at a high time resolution using an SO2 camera, to achieve a better understanding of the conduit processes. Our 4-year average SO2 flux is 45 kg/s, in line with the long-term average of the whole current eruptive period. We show that Popocatépetl volcano is essentially an open system and that passive degassing, i.e., degassing with no associated emission of lava or ash, dominates >95% of the time. This passive degassing is continuous and sustained, whether the crater contains a lava dome or not. It shows most of the time a strong periodic component, with a pseudo-period of ~5 min, and amplitudes of 30 to 60% of the average value. We could distinguish two types of explosions based on their SO2 flux patterns. The first type (E1) occurs in the middle of the normal passive degassing and is followed by a rapid return of the SO2 flux down to its pre-explosive level. The second type (E2), which corresponds to the strongest events, is anticipated by a rapid decrease of the SO2 flux to abnormally low values and is followed by a return to its normal values. The E2 explosions are probably caused by the accumulation of gas below a rapidly compacting permeable dome. We suggest that transient episodes of gravitational compaction of the usually permeable dome and the upper conduit is the only mechanism that is fast enough to explain the sharp decrease of the SO2 flux that anticipates the E2 explosions. Our model is potentially applicable to a large number of andesitic volcanoes that undergo passive degassing interspersed with short-lived explosions

Temporal Seismic Velocity Changes During the 2020 Rapid Inflation at Mt. Þorbjörn-Svartsengi, Iceland, Using Seismic Ambient Noise

Publisher Copyright: © 2021. The Authors.Repeated periods of inflation-deflation in the vicinity of Mt. Þorbjörn-Svartsengi, SW-Iceland, were detected in January–July, 2020. We used seismic ambient noise and interferometry to characterize temporal variations of seismic velocities (dv/v, %). This is the first time in Iceland that dv/v variations are monitored in near real-time during volcanic unrest. The seismic station closest to the inflation source center (∼1 km) showed the largest velocity drop (∼1%). Different frequency range measurements, from 0.1 to 2 Hz, show dv/v variations, which we interpret in terms of varying depth sensitivity. The dv/v correlates with deformation measurements (GPS, InSAR), over the unrest period, indicating sensitivity to similar crustal processes. We interpret the velocity drop to be caused by crack opening triggered by intrusive magmatic activity. We conclude that single-station cross-component analyses provide the most robust solutions for early detection of magmatic activity.Peer reviewe

The launch of Seismica: a seismic shift in publishing

Seismica, a community-run Diamond Open Access (OA) journal for seismology and earthquake science, opened for submissions in July 2022. We created Seismica to support a shift to OA publishing while pushing back against the extreme rise in the cost of OA author processing charges, and the inequities this is compounding. Seismica is run by an all-volunteer Board of 47 researchers who fulfil traditional editorial roles as well as forming functional teams to address the needs for technical design and support, copy editing, media and branding that would otherwise be covered by paid staff at a for-profit journal. We are supported by the McGill University Library (Québec, Canada), who host our website and provide several other services, so that Seismica does not have any income or financial expenditures. We report the process of developing the journal and explain how and why we made some of the major policy choices. We describe the organizational structure of the journal, and discuss future plans and challenges for the continued success and longevity of Seismica

Temporal Changes of Seismic Velocity Caused by Volcanic Activity at Mt. Etna Revealed by the Autocorrelation of Ambient Seismic Noise

On active volcanoes, ambient noise-based seismic interferometry, able to detect very slight variations in seismic velocity associated with magma transport towards the surface, can be a very useful monitoring tool. In this work, we performed the autocorrelation of ambient seismic noise recorded at Mt. Etna volcano, by three stations located close to the active summit craters, during April 2013 - October 2014. Such an interval was chosen because of the number and variety of eruptions. The method implemented to perform autocorrelation was the phase cross-correlation, which does not require normalization of the signals. The detected seismic velocity variations were very consistent for all three stations throughout the study period, mainly ranging between 0.3 and -0.2%, and were time-related to both sequences of paroxysmal eruptions and more effusive activities. In particular, we observed seismic velocity decreases accompanying paroxysmal eruptions, suggesting an intense pressurization within the plumbing system, which created an area of extensional strain with crack openings. It is worth noting that classical cross-station approach failed to detect seismic velocity changes related to volcano activity. In addition, seismic velocity variations over time were integrated with ground deformation data recorded by GPS stations and volcanic tremor centroid locations. Finally, we showed that, although the investigated frequency band (1-2 Hz) contains most of the volcanic tremor energy, our results did not indicate a particular contamination of seismic velocity variation measurements by variations of tremor sources