Towards an operator-algebraic construction of integrable global gauge theories

The recent construction of integrable quantum field theories on two-dimensional Minkowski space by operator-algebraic methods is extended to models with a richer particle spectrum, including finitely many massive particle species transforming under a global gauge group. Starting from a two-particle S-matrix satisfying the usual requirements (unitarity, Yang-Baxter equation, Poincar\'e and gauge invariance, crossing symmetry, ...), a pair of relatively wedge-local quantum fields is constructed which determines the field net of the model. Although the verification of the modular nuclearity condition as a criterion for the existence of local fields is not carried out in this paper, arguments are presented that suggest it holds in typical examples such as nonlinear O(N) sigma-models. It is also shown that for all models complying with this condition, the presented construction solves the inverse scattering problem by recovering the S-matrix from the model via Haag-Ruelle scattering theory, and a proof of asymptotic completeness is given.Comment: 27 pages. Corrected a few minor typos and added a paragraph in the conclusions to comply with published versio

New challenges for business actors and positive heuristics

Purpose: The purpose of this guest editorial is to present an overview of the contributions in this special issue and proposes a positive approach to heuristics deriving from the growing interest in the decision-making topic with respect to the new challenges emerging in uncertain environments in management and marketing research. Design/methodology/approach: The authors explore the reasons for a positive view of business actors' judgments and choices based on heuristics, not only in terms of effectiveness in practice, but their fit with human cognition and behavior, and the potential distinctiveness in contexts where technological devices and algorithms are more widespread, but not necessarily more appropriate. Findings: The authors present and discuss the emergence and evolution of heuristics as a topic in the management literature, and the themes and insights proposed in the papers published in this special issue contributing to research aimed at systemizing a managerial perspective of the concepts and tools that may be useful for practitioners and researchers in this field. Originality/value: The paper discusses the positive role that heuristics can play, offering some propositions for future research by framing heuristics as a set of tools (toolbox) for business actors in uncertain contexts, without constituting a cognitive limitation for effective solutions

Competence Attrition: A linguistic theory of the effects of external competence acquisition for organizations

What happens to old competences in organizations when new competences are acquired? In this paper, we propose a competence attrition theory to explain the effects of acquiring new competences on previously acquired ones. While the presumed positive role of available competences for the acquisition of new competences has been the subject of extensive research, the potentially negative effect of the acquisition of external competences on the availability and use of existing competences has not been sufficiently theorized. We aim to do so by extending existing learning and absorptive capacity theories with insights from linguistics on competence attrition. Specifically, informed by parallel patterns in language acquisition and attrition, we develop a set of focused propositions on competence acquisition and attrition in organizations. We end the paper by discussing the implications of our theorizing for existing theory and research

From invention to industry from a social movement perspective: the emergence of the 3D printing industry

In the entrepreneurship literature, the phenomenon of industry emergence has been largely investigated from an institutional perspective. Appropriate institutions would allow then a group of individual entrepreneurs (\u201cthe heroes\u201d) to create an industry through innovative ventures. New ventures create new industries and firm entry, survival, and exit drive industry evolution. Our research, however, explores what creates the favorable set of circumstances for new ventures to emerge and focuses on the pre-emergence phase and we propose that the patterns of emergence resemble those of social movements. Through an actor perspective, this research highlights the existence of diverse actors, not necessarily entrepreneurs, who are necessary to trigger a collective action during the pre-emergence phase of industries. This research is also distinct from entrepreneurial ecosystems as its development already requires some successful entrepreneurial action. The 3D printing industry was chosen as a single longitudinal case study, where the actors are the embedded units of analysis. The findings of the study lead to the identification of three aggregate dimensions\u2014\u201cSocial Movement Composition,\u201d Temporal Engagement,\u201d and \u201cCoalitions Development\u201d\u2014that were prevalent during the pre-emergence phase of the 3D printing industry. Our propositions emphasize the importance of large collective action and the role of multiple actors in order to create the conditions for, first, firm emergence and, the second, to the process of industry emergence

Entrepreneurial Strategies in Transitional Industries from a Resource Perspective: A Case Study Analysis of the Business Models of German Soccer Clubs

How do soccer clubs seize entrepreneurial opportunities under the constraint of prior joint value (bilateral) creation but unilateral value exploitation? New propositions are developed that complement the resource-based perspective

Vertical disintegration of production and the rise of market for brands

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Mannich bases from [b]-annelated indoles as potential inhibitors of protein kinase DYRK1A

Die Überfunktion der Proteinkinase DYRK1A wird als Ursache verschiedener neurodegenerativer Störungen diskutiert. Hemmstoffe dieses Enzyms kommen deshalb als potentielle Therapeutika in Frage, beispielsweise zur Behandlung der Alzheimer-Demenz oder des Down-Syndroms. Bei der Entwicklung selektiver DYRK1A-Hemmstoffe ist die strukturelle Ähnlichkeit verwandter Kinasen aus der DYRK- und der CLK-Familie ein Problem, weshalb viele der publizierten Inhibitoren nur mangelnde Selektivität aufweisen. Mit der 10-Iod-11H-indolo-[3,2-c]chinolin-6-carbonsäure (19) gelang es Falke einen selektiven und potenten DYRK1A-Inhibitor zu entwickeln, der jedoch nur sehr niedrige Löslichkeit in wässrigen Medien aufwies. Die hier vorgelegte Arbeit zielte darauf ab, ausgehend von Struktur 19 besser wasserlösliche DYRK1A-Inhibitoren zu entwerfen, zu synthetisieren und für die biologische Testung zur Verfügung zu stellen. Dazu wurde formal das Chinolincarbonsäure-Element am 8-Halogenindol-Grundkörper durch einen Cyclohexanon-Anellanden ersetzt. Zudem wurde eine Aminomethyl-Seitenkette in Nachbarschaft der Carbonylgruppe angefügt, so dass Mannich-Basen des Typs 22 resultierten. Diverse Vertreter der Substanzklasse 22 wurden in molecular modelling-Studien in die ATP-Bindetasche der DYRK1A gedockt. Als Grundlage dienten dazu publizierte Röntgenstrukturen der Kinase aus der öffentlich zugänglichen RSCB protein data bank. Dabei ergaben meistens beide Enantiomere sinnvolle docking-Posen, die gute inhibitorische Aktivitäten erwarten ließen.The hyperactivity of the protein kinase DYRK1A is discussed as a cause of various neurodegenerative disorders. Inhibitors of this enzyme are therefore potential therapeutics, for example for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease or Downs syndrome. For the development of selective DYRK1A inhibitors, the structural similarity of related kinases of the DYRK and CLK families is a problem, which is why many of the published inhibitors show only insufficient selectivity. FALKE succeeded in developing a selective and potent DYRK1A inhibitor with the 10-Iodo-11H-indolo-[3,2-c]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid (19), which, however, showed only very low solubility in aqueous media. The aim of the work presented here was to design and synthesize DYRK1A inhibitors with better water solubility based on structure 19 and making them available for biological testing. For this purpose, the quinolinecarboxylic acid element attached to the 8-halogenindole basic scaffold was formally replaced by a cyclohexanone anneland. In addition, an aminomethyl side chain was dded adjacent to the carbonyl group, resulting in Mannich bases of type 22. Various representatives of substance class 22 were docked into the ATP binding pocket of DYRK1A in molecular modelling studies. These studies were based on published X-ray structures of the kinase from the open accessible RSCB protein data bank. In most cases, both enantiomers resulted in meaningful docking poses that indicated good inhibitory activity

Max Clara and Innsbruck - The origin of a German Nationalist and National Socialist career.

This investigation aims to summarize hitherto scattered pieces of evidence of the early biography of Max Clara, especially considering his connections with the Histological Institute of the University of Innsbruck. Max Clara was born in 1899 in South Tyrol, at that time part of the Habsburg Empire. After high school in Bozen and his participation in World War I, Clara studied medicine in Innsbruck, Austria and Leipzig, Germany, graduating from Innsbruck University in 1923. He joined the Corps Gothia, a German Student Corps, at the start of his studies and became socialized as a German nationalist. When the Tyrolean Parliament conducted an illegal referendum in 1921, in which a majority voted for the merger of Tyrol with Germany, the active members of the Gothia spontaneously removed the border barriers between Austria and Bavaria in the municipality of Scharnitz. They brought them to Innsbruck to be deposited in the statehouse. Clara's participation in this activity is not documented but is very likely. Seventy-four per cent of the members of this corps joined the Nazi party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP), even before the annexation of Austria by National Socialist (NS) Germany in 1938. Clara likely met Maximinian de Crinis, an SS officer and high-ranking member of the NS health administration, through contacts within their respective corps. De Crinis supported Clara decisively in the anatomist's appointments as chair of anatomy at the University of Leipzig and later at the University of Munich. Initially, Clara began his academic career at the Institute of Histology and Embryology in Innsbruck as (student) demonstrator, and in 1923 as an assistant. In December 1923 Clara had to leave Innsbruck for Blumau, South Tyrol to take over the medical surgery of his father, who had passed away unexpectedly. Back in Italy, he continued his histological research in his spare time and published a large number of scientific papers. His connections with Innsbruck and especially with histologist Jurg Mathis never ceased

The Impact of Initial Public Offerings on the External Growth Strategies of Entrepreneurial Firms

The goal of this paper is to examine the impact of Initial Public Offerings (IPO) on the investment strategies of young entrepreneurial firms. Hypotheses are developed from the finance, strategy and top management team literature. These are then tested using multivariate methods in order to study post-IPO investment behavior of a global sample of young Internet firms