23 research outputs found

    Low retinal toxicity of intravitreal carboplatin associated with good retinal tumour control in transgenic murine retinoblastoma

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    International audienceBackgroundRetinoblastoma is a rare intraocular malignancy in children. Current treatments have many adverse effects. New therapeutic approaches like intravitreal injections of chemotherapies are currently being developed but their toxicities need to be evaluated on animal models. This study compares the efficacy and toxicity of intravitreal melphalan, topotecan and carboplatin, alone or in combination (sequential administration), in the LHBetaTag retinoblastoma mice.MethodsMice were divided into nine groups: control, carboplatin 1.5 and 4 ÎŒg, melphalan 0.1 and 1 ÎŒg, topotecan 0.1 and 1 ÎŒg, carboplatin 4 ÎŒg/topotecan 0.1 ÎŒg and melphalan 1 ÎŒg/topotecan 0.1 ÎŒg. The follow‐up was performed using fundus imaging and optical coherence tomography combined with histopathological analysis. Absence of tumour and presence of calcified tumours were the criteria for therapeutic response assessment. Ocular complications were assessed after four weekly injections. Retinal toxicity was defined by the decrease of retinal thickness and of the number of retinal layers.ResultsTopotecan was inactive on retinal tumours. Melphalan (1 ÎŒg) led to a complete tumour control in 91.7% of eyes. Carboplatin strongly decreased the tumour burden (85.7‐93.8% of eyes without retinal tumour). The intravitreal injection itself led to ocular complications (25% of media opacities and 45.7% of retinal detachment). Only melphalan at 1 ÎŒg showed a strong retinal toxicity. The two combinations showed a good efficacy in reducing the number of eyes with retinal tumours with a reduced retinal toxicity.ConclusionsThis preclinical study suggests that intravitreal injection of carboplatin has a low toxicity and could be evaluated in clinical practice to treat patients suffering from retinoblastoma

    Colonies bactériennes dans le fromage : distribution spatiale et micro-environnement

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    Les bactĂ©ries croissent en formant des colonies dans les aliments fermentĂ©s, comme dans les fromages oĂč les bactĂ©ries lactiques sont immobilisĂ©es lors de la coagulation du lait. Pour mieux comprendre la physiologie et le mĂ©tabolisme bactĂ©rien in situ, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© des approches novatrices, Ă  l’échelle microscopique, pour explorer les interactions entre la colonie bactĂ©rienne et la matrice. Nous avons utilisĂ© un fromage modĂšle ensemencĂ© en une souche de Lactococcus lactis, pour lequel nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© la distribution spatiale des colonies, i.e. leur nombre et leur taille, et ses consĂ©quences sur les rĂ©actions pendant le processus d’affinage, notamment la protĂ©olyse. Nous avons Ă©galement dĂ©terminĂ© quel Ă©tait le micro-environnement de la colonie bactĂ©rienne en termes de pH et de diffusion des solutĂ©s dans la matrice et dans les colonies. La distribution spatiale des colonies a Ă©tĂ© quantifiĂ©e pour la premiĂšre fois dans un fromage modĂšle. La mĂȘme population finale est obtenue quelle que soit la population initiale, mais la distribution diffĂšre : plus la population initiale est faible, plus les colonies sont grosses et distantes, et vice-versa, Ă  population initiale Ă©levĂ©e, les colonies sont petites et proches. Pour deux distributions spatiales de la mĂȘme population de L. lactis sous forme de petites ou de grosses colonies (3.107 petites colonies/g de 4 ”m de rayon ou 2.105 grosses colonies de 25 ”m de rayon), le taux de croissance, la vitesse d’acidification et la survie de L. lactis Ă©taient les mĂȘmes. La distribution spatiale des colonies de L. lactis n’influençait que de façon modĂ©rĂ©e la cinĂ©tique d’affinage, avec notamment une accĂ©lĂ©ration de la protĂ©olyse pour la population distribuĂ©e en petites colonies. Concernant le micro-environnement, aucun micro-gradient de pH n’est observĂ© autour des colonies de L. lactis, quelle que soit leur taille dans la gamme couverte et ii) des solutĂ©s de trĂšs haute masse molĂ©culaire (dextrans jusqu’à 2000 kDa) diffusent dans les matrices fromagĂšres et les colonies bactĂ©riennes. Par contre, la diffusion de protĂ©ines laitiĂšres est ralentie dans les matrices fromagĂšres en raison de leur rigiditĂ© et leur charge, et elles ne diffusent pas dans les colonies.Ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que le mĂ©tabolisme des colonies dans le fromage se rapproche de celui des bactĂ©ries en culture planctonique, alors que la plupart des travaux Ă©tudiant les colonies, majoritairement conduits sur des « macro-colonies » de rayon supĂ©rieur Ă  200 ”m, montrent un changement de mĂ©tabolisme et la dĂ©tection de micro-gradients de pH dans et autour des colonies

    Colonies bactériennes dans le fromage : distribution spatiale et micro-environnement

    No full text
    Les bactĂ©ries croissent en formant des colonies dans les aliments fermentĂ©s, comme dans les fromages oĂč les bactĂ©ries lactiques sont immobilisĂ©es lors de la coagulation du lait. Pour mieux comprendre la physiologie et le mĂ©tabolisme bactĂ©rien in situ, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© des approches novatrices, Ă  l’échelle microscopique, pour explorer les interactions entre la colonie bactĂ©rienne et la matrice. Nous avons utilisĂ© un fromage modĂšle ensemencĂ© en une souche de Lactococcus lactis, pour lequel nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© la distribution spatiale des colonies, i.e. leur nombre et leur taille, et ses consĂ©quences sur les rĂ©actions pendant le processus d’affinage, notamment la protĂ©olyse. Nous avons Ă©galement dĂ©terminĂ© quel Ă©tait le micro-environnement de la colonie bactĂ©rienne en termes de pH et de diffusion des solutĂ©s dans la matrice et dans les colonies. La distribution spatiale des colonies a Ă©tĂ© quantifiĂ©e pour la premiĂšre fois dans un fromage modĂšle. La mĂȘme population finale est obtenue quelle que soit la population initiale, mais la distribution diffĂšre : plus la population initiale est faible, plus les colonies sont grosses et distantes, et vice-versa, Ă  population initiale Ă©levĂ©e, les colonies sont petites et proches. Pour deux distributions spatiales de la mĂȘme population de L. lactis sous forme de petites ou de grosses colonies (3.107 petites colonies/g de 4 ”m de rayon ou 2.105 grosses colonies de 25 ”m de rayon), le taux de croissance, la vitesse d’acidification et la survie de L. lactis Ă©taient les mĂȘmes. La distribution spatiale des colonies de L. lactis n’influençait que de façon modĂ©rĂ©e la cinĂ©tique d’affinage, avec notamment une accĂ©lĂ©ration de la protĂ©olyse pour la population distribuĂ©e en petites colonies. Concernant le micro-environnement, aucun micro-gradient de pH n’est observĂ© autour des colonies de L. lactis, quelle que soit leur taille dans la gamme couverte et ii) des solutĂ©s de trĂšs haute masse molĂ©culaire (dextrans jusqu’à 2000 kDa) diffusent dans les matrices fromagĂšres et les colonies bactĂ©riennes. Par contre, la diffusion de protĂ©ines laitiĂšres est ralentie dans les matrices fromagĂšres en raison de leur rigiditĂ© et leur charge, et elles ne diffusent pas dans les colonies.Ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que le mĂ©tabolisme des colonies dans le fromage se rapproche de celui des bactĂ©ries en culture planctonique, alors que la plupart des travaux Ă©tudiant les colonies, majoritairement conduits sur des « macro-colonies » de rayon supĂ©rieur Ă  200 ”m, montrent un changement de mĂ©tabolisme et la dĂ©tection de micro-gradients de pH dans et autour des colonies

    An interactive murine single-cell atlas of the lung responses to radiation injury

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    International audienceRadiation Induced Lung Injury (RILI) is one of the main limiting factors of thorax irradiation, which can induce acute pneumonitis as well as pulmonary fibrosis, the latter being a life-threatening condition. The order of cellular and molecular events in the progression towards fibrosis is key to the physiopathogenesis of the disease, yet their coordination in space and time remains largely unexplored. Here, we present an interactive murine single cell atlas of the lung response to irradiation, generated from C57BL6/J female mice. This tool opens the door for exploration of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the mechanisms that lead to radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. It depicts with unprecedented detail cell type-specific radiation-induced responses associated with either lung regeneration or the failure thereof. A better understanding of the mechanisms leading to lung fibrosis will help finding new therapeutic options that could improve patients’ quality of life

    Loss of the deglutamylase CCP5 perturbs multiple steps of spermatogenesis and leads to male infertility

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    International audienceSperm cells are highly specialized mammalian cells, and their biogenesis requires unique intracellular structures. Perturbation of spermatogenesis often leads to male infertility. Here, we assess the role of a post-translational modification of tubulin, glutamylation, in spermatogenesis. We show that mice lacking the tubulin deglutamylase CCP5 (also known as AGBL5) do not form functional sperm. In these mice, spermatids accumulate polyglutamylated tubulin, accompanied by the occurrence of disorganized microtubule arrays, in particular in the sperm manchette. Spermatids further fail to rearrange their intracellular space and accumulate organelles and cytosol, while nuclei condense normally. Strikingly, spermatids lacking CCP5 show supernumerary centrioles, suggesting that glutamylation could control centriole duplication. We show that most of these observed defects are also present in mice in which CCP5 is deleted only in the male germ line, strongly suggesting that they are germ-cell autonomous. Our findings reveal that polyglutamylation is, beyond its known importance for sperm flagella, an essential regulator of several microtubule-based functions during spermatogenesis. This makes enzymes involved in glutamylation prime candidates for being genes involved in male sterility

    FLASH Irradiation Spares Lung Progenitor Cells and Limits the Incidence of Radio-induced Senescence

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    PURPOSE: One of the main limitations to anticancer radiotherapy lies in irreversible damage to healthy tissues located within the radiation field. "FLASH" irradiation at very high dose-rate is a new treatment modality that has been reported to specifically spare normal tissue from late radiation-induced toxicity in animal models and therefore could be a promising strategy to reduce treatment toxicity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Lung responses to FLASH irradiation were investigated by qPCR, single-cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNA-Seq), and histologic methods during the acute wound healing phase as well as at late stages using C57BL/6J wild-type and Terc-/- mice exposed to bilateral thorax irradiation as well as human lung cells grown in vitro. RESULTS: In vitro studies gave evidence of a reduced level of DNA damage and induced lethality at the advantage of FLASH. In mouse lung, sc-RNA-seq and the monitoring of proliferating cells revealed that FLASH minimized the induction of proinflammatory genes and reduced the proliferation of progenitor cells after injury. At late stages, FLASH-irradiated lungs presented less persistent DNA damage and senescent cells than after CONV exposure, suggesting a higher potential for lung regeneration with FLASH. Consistent with this hypothesis, the beneficial effect of FLASH was lost in Terc-/- mice harboring critically short telomeres and lack of telomerase activity. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that, compared with conventional radiotherapy, FLASH minimizes DNA damage in normal cells, spares lung progenitor cells from excessive damage, and reduces the risk of replicative senescence

    Excessive tubulin polyglutamylation causes neurodegeneration and perturbs neuronal transport

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    International audiencePosttranslational modifications of tubulin are emerging regulators of microtubule functions. We have shown earlier that upregulated polyglutamylation is linked to rapid degeneration of Purkinje cells in mice with a mutation in the deglutamylating enzyme CCP1. How polyglutamylation leads to degeneration, whether it affects multiple neuron types, or which physiological processes it regulates in healthy neurons has remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that excessive polyglutamylation induces neurodegeneration in a cell-autonomous manner and can occur in many parts of the central nervous system. Degeneration of selected neurons in CCP1-deficient mice can be fully rescued by simultaneous knockout of the counteracting polyglutamylase TTLL1. Excessive polyglutamylation reduces the efficiency of neuronal transport in cultured hippocampal neurons, suggesting that impaired cargo transport plays an important role in the observed degenerative phenotypes. We thus establish polyglutamylation as a cell-autonomous mechanism for neurodegen-eration that might be therapeutically accessible through manipulation of the enzymes that control this posttranslational modification
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