What Is Behind Fleet Evolution: Application of A Flow Analysis to the French Fisheries

If the study of the fisheries dynamics increasingly seeks to take into account the evolution of fishing fleets, the main mechanisms which govern their evolution at the local, national or international levels, are often not studied at all, or only partially studied. This applies in particular to vessel entry and exit or fleet transfers between fisheries and/or regions through second-hand vessel markets. These vessels movements also linked to owners flows, with owners of the invested capital deciding to stay or to leave a particular fishery or region. The aim of this paper is to identify what the key processes in the evolution of a fleet are by characterizing both the movements (flows) of vessels and owners. A typology of the flows of both vessels and owners is drawn based on entry, exit and vessel trade on the second-hand market. The approach is applied to the case of the French fishing fleet. The following flow analysis identifies structural elements of the fleet dynamics and for various scales of analysis. The approach also attempts to link the evolution of fleet structure to fisheries management, particularly in relation to the provision of economic incentives (subsidies to vessels building, scrapping) and fishing rights allocation mechanisms. Finally, the prospects for applying this approach across Europe are discussed.Keywords: Fish and Aquaculture Sectors Development, Fishing Capacity and Buyback Programs, Fisheries EconomicsKeywords: Fish and Aquaculture Sectors Development, Fishing Capacity and Buyback Programs, Fisheries Economic

Multiple and Variable NHEJ-Like Genes Are Involved in Resistance to DNA Damage in Streptomyces ambofaciens

International audienceNon-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) is a double strand break (DSB) repair pathway which does not require any homologous template and can ligate two DNA ends together. The basic bacterial NHEJ machinery involves two partners: the Ku protein, a DNA end binding protein for DSB recognition and the multifunctional LigD protein composed a ligase, a nuclease and a polymerase domain, for end processing and ligation of the broken ends. In silico analyses performed in the 38 sequenced genomes of Streptomyces species revealed the existence of a large panel of NHEJ-like genes. Indeed, ku genes or ligD domain homologues are scattered throughout the genome in multiple copies and can be distinguished in two categories: the " core " NHEJ gene set constituted of conserved loci and the " variable " NHEJ gene set constituted of NHEJ-like genes present in only a part of the species. In Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC23877, not only the deletion of " core " genes but also that of " variable " genes led to an increased sensitivity to DNA damage induced by electron beam irradiation. Multiple mutants of ku, ligase or polymerase encoding genes showed an aggravated phenotype compared to single mutants. Biochemical assays revealed the ability of Ku-like proteins to protect and to stimulate ligation of DNA ends. RT-qPCR and GFP fusion experiments suggested that ku-like genes show a growth phase dependent expression profile consistent with their involvement in DNA repair during spores formation and/or germination

An integrated and statistical approach for the valuation of economic status of small scale fisheries

The small scale fisheries are generally unknown over the world due to a crucial lack of data, and particularly costs and earnings data. This is also true for the European fisheries while vessels less than 12 meters represent almost 75% of the total European fleet. Faced to the increasing price of fuel and the depletion of traditional exploiting marine resources, fisheries managers need to know more about the small scale fleet, also in terms of its diversity. This paper first presents an integrated methodology, combining both biological and economic disciplines, used to collect data on small scale fisheries through questionnaires. The first set of collected data is used to produce a revenue model to assess individual earnings depending on technical characteristics and the fishing activity of the vessel. This revenue model allows then to assess the production of small scale fisheries per group of vessels. This revenue model is used in parallel to optimize the following sampling plans for collection of costs and earnings data. Implemented for 6 years in France, this system makes possible the assessment of total and per fleet gross value added and direct employment in the small scale fisheries. The results are presented in this paper and show the significant role of small scale fisheries in the French fishing sector

Cytotoxic drug sensitivity of Epstein-Barr virus transformed lymphoblastoid B-cells

BACKGROUND: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of immunosuppression associated lymphoproliferations such as post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), AIDS related immunoblastic lymphomas (ARL) and immunoblastic lymphomas in X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP). The reported overall mortality for PTLD often exceeds 50%. Reducing the immunosuppression in recipients of solid organ transplants (SOT) or using highly active antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patients leads to complete remission in 23–50% of the PTLD/ARL cases but will not suffice for recipients of bone marrow grafts. An additional therapeutic alternative is the treatment with anti-CD20 antibodies (Rituximab) or EBV-specific cytotoxic T-cells. Chemotherapy is used for the non-responding cases only as the second or third line of treatment. The most frequently used chemotherapy regimens originate from the non-Hodgkin lymphoma protocols and there are no cytotoxic drugs that have been specifically selected against EBV induced lymphoproliferative disorders. METHODS: As lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) are well established in vitro models for PTLD, we have assessed 17 LCLs for cytotoxic drug sensitivity. After three days of incubation, live and dead cells were differentially stained using fluorescent dyes. The precise numbers of live and dead cells were determined using a custom designed automated laser confocal fluorescent microscope. RESULTS: Independently of their origin, LCLs showed very similar drug sensitivity patterns against 29 frequently used cytostatic drugs. LCLs were highly sensitive for vincristine, methotrexate, epirubicin and paclitaxel. CONCLUSION: Our data shows that the inclusion of epirubicin and paclitaxel into chemotherapy protocols against PTLD may be justified

Inventaire des dispositifs en place ou prévus en 2023 impliquant des navires de pêche professionnelle du Golfe de Gascogne et visant la réduction des captures accidentelles de cétacés

Cette note liste les différents dispositifs en date du mois d’avril 2023 pour une meilleure compréhension et évitement des captures accidentelles de cétacés dans le Golfe de Gascogne impliquant des navires de pêche professionnelle. Quelques exemples de projets et d’obligations réglementaires déjà en place, ou dont la mise en œuvre est prévue en 2023 dans le cadre du Plan d’action national de lutte contre les captures accidentelles de petits cétacés en Atlantique, sont présentés, ainsi que leur intérêt

Projet Accobiom. ACquisition de COnnaissances sur les paramètres BIologiques des ressources marines exploitées en Outre-Mer. Objectifs, bilan et perspectives

As part of the monitoring of commercial species targeted by fisheries in the outermost regions, Ifremer has developed the Accobiom project (ACquisition de COnnaissances sur les paramètres Biologiques des ressources marines exploitées en Outre-Mer) in order to improve knowledge of fish stocks in the overseas territories. In the future, once sufficient in quantitative and temporal terms, these data will make it possible to reconstitute life history traits on the scale of the total population (size-weight relationship, size-age relationship, ogive of sexual maturity, size and age of first sexual maturity, reproduction period) and to make a diagnosis of the stocks. Financed by the French Development Agency (AFD) and implemented by Ifremer between 2021 and 2022 in four overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana and Reunion Island), this project involved the drafting of a sampling protocol and the associated data collection, analysis of the biological data collected (size, weight, age, sex, sexual maturity phase) as well as methodological developments to integrate these new data into the assessment models of the main fish stocks in the French overseas departments, identified under the Data Collection Framework (DCF) regulation (EU) n°2017/10041. This note summarises the results and prospects of the Accobiom project.Dans le cadre du suivi des espèces commerciales ciblées par la pêche dans les RUP (régions ultrapériphériques), l’Ifremer a élaboré le projet Accobiom (ACquisition de COnnaissances sur les paramètres Biologiques des ressources marines exploitées en Outre-Mer) afin de renforcer les connaissances sur les stocks halieutiques en Outre-mer. A l’avenir, une fois suffisantes en termes quantitatifs et temporels, ces données permettront de reconstituer les traits d’histoire de vie à l’échelle de la population totale (relation taille-poids, relation taille-âge, ogive de maturité sexuelle, taille et âge de première maturité sexuelle, période de reproduction) et de porter un diagnostic sur les stocks. Financé par l’Agence Française de Développement (AFD) et mis en œuvre par l’Ifremer entre 2021 et 2022 dans quatre départements d’Outre-Mer (DOM) (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane et La Réunion), ce projet prévoyait la rédaction d’un protocole d’échantillonnage et la collecte de données associée, l’analyse des données biologiques collectées (tailles, poids, âge, sexe, phase de maturité sexuelle) ainsi que des développements méthodologiques permettant d’intégrer ces nouvelles données aux modèles d’évaluation des principaux stocks de poissons des DOM, identifiés au titre du règlement Data Collection Framework (DCF) (UE) n°2017/10041. Cette note synthétise le bilan et les perspectives du projet Accobiom

Evaluation de l’impact des engins de pêche dans les eaux de Jersey et de fermetures liées à la définition d’AMPs

Ce travail répond à la demande de saisine de la DGAMPA sur l’évaluation de l’impact des engins de pêche dans les eaux de Jersey et de fermetures liées à la définition d’aires marines protégées (AMPs), en réponse à une proposition de planification spatiale marine (MSP) par les autorités de Jersey, ouverte à la consultation publique. Dans le Volet 1 de ce rapport, Ifremer a rassemblé les informations à sa disposition sur les habitats et leur statut écologique dans le Golfe Normand-Breton, ainsi que sur l’impact des engins de pêche, rassemblés notamment dans le rapport du projet IPREM (Liefmann et al. 2022), et a analysé l’argumentaire présenté dans le document de consultation de Jersey. Le MSP de Jersey ne se base pas sur la mesure de l’impact réel de la pression de pêche, mais sur l’analyse des caractéristiques écologiques spécifiques des différents habitats de la zone territoriale pour établir des zones de protection plus fortes sur un principe de précaution, L’objectif affiché est autant d’éliminer les impacts actuels que de les éviter par anticipation, pour permettre aux fonds marins de fonctionner naturellement. Dans le Volet 2 est fournie une analyse plus détaillée de l’impact attendu des fermetures sur les pêcheurs français, à partir des données SACROIS du SIH. Sur les 117 navires identifiés dans la zone en 2023, seuls 22 navires ont une activité aux arts trainants dans la zone B selon la VMS, cette zone représentant 9% en moyenne de leur chiffre d’affaires total

Evolution et répartition de la capacité des navires de pêche français au regard des avis scientifiques sur les ressources halieutiques

La réponse à la saisine porte sur les points suivants : 1. Evolution de la capacité de la flotte française 2. Evolution de la capacité de la flotte française par métier 3. Répartition de la réduction des capacités due aux plans de sortie de flotte (non traité en l’absence de données relatives aux plans de sortie de flotte). 4. captures par kilowatts 5. Comparaison entre la production française pour les différentes pêcheries pratiquées par les flottilles françaises et communautaires et les niveaux de prélèvements acceptables. Cet aspect de l’étude permettra d’évaluer les éventuelles surcapacités et leur niveau