Current knowledge and recent advances in understanding metabolism of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Cyanobacteria are key organisms in the global ecosystem, useful models for studying metabolic and physiological processes conserved in photosynthetic organisms, and potential renewable platforms for production of chemicals. Characterising cyanobacterial metabolism and physiology is key to understanding their role in the environment and unlocking their potential for biotechnology applications. Many aspects of cyanobacterial biology differ from heterotrophic bacteria. For example, most cyanobacteria incorporate a series of internal thylakoid membranes where both oxygenic photosynthesis and respiration occur, while CO2 fixation takes place in specialised compartments termed carboxysomes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of our knowledge on cyanobacterial physiology and the pathways in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Synechocystis) involved in biosynthesis of sugar-based metabolites, amino acids, nucleotides, lipids, cofactors, vitamins, isoprenoids, pigments and cell wall components, in addition to the proteins involved in metabolite transport. While some pathways are conserved between model cyanobacteria, such as Synechocystis, and model heterotrophic bacteria like Escherichia coli, many enzymes and/or pathways involved in the biosynthesis of key metabolites in cyanobacteria have not been completely characterised. These include pathways required for biosynthesis of chorismate and membrane lipids, nucleotides, several amino acids, vitamins and cofactors, and isoprenoids such as plastoquinone, carotenoids, and tocopherols. Moreover, our understanding of photorespiration, lipopolysaccharide assembly and transport, and degradation of lipids, sucrose, most vitamins and amino acids, and heme, is incomplete. We discuss tools that may aid characterisation of cyanobacterial metabolism, notably CyanoSource, a barcoded library of targeted Synechocystis mutants, which will significantly accelerate characterisation of individual proteins

The status of middle and high school string orchestra programs in Virginia public schools located in midsized urban settings

Abstract The majority of literature about teaching in urban settings has focused on the experiences of educators and students in large urban settings (Costa-Giomi, 2008; Fitzpatrick, 2008, 2011), and has been general classroom focused (Elpus & Abril, 2011; Glenn, 2005; McEachin & Brewer, 2012; Young, 2007). A smaller body of literature about teaching music classes in urban settings exists (Kinney, 2010; Bernard, 2010), while less still exists about the status of orchestra programs in urban settings (Fitzpatrick, 2011, Hamann & Gillespie, 1998; Smith, 1997). Little research examines midsize urban educational settings by state, and less still has examined the status of orchestra programs in midsized urban settings in Virginia. The purpose of this study was to examine the status of middle and high school string orchestra programs in Virginia public schools located in midsized urban settings. String orchestra directors (N = 30) were invited to complete an online survey of 26 questions. Nineteen of the orchestra directors participated. Fifteen participants completed the survey, while four surveys were incomplete. Individual data for study participant’s responses to multiple choice and Likert scale responses were collected, compared and analyzed. Data for free-response questions were transcribed for each individual participant before being grouped according to observable grouped theme categories. Results of this study suggested participants possessed a high level of training (master’s or doctorate degree), and reported having a high level of job satisfaction. With regard to ethnicity, 87% (n = 13) of the participants indicated that their own ethnicity was not reflective of the majority ethnicity of the student population with which they worked. A majority of the participants (66%) indicated that they had experienced some level of difficulty when recruiting students for their school’s orchestra program. A number of shared themes were identified in the participants’ free response transcriptions. Participants shared the values of showing respect to, caring for, and having high expectations for their students. Respondents emphasized being organized, and having classroom management skills. Other themes included the importance of having adequate and effective teacher preparation; access to instruments and other resources; and the support of parents, administrators, and colleagues

A Case Study: Motivational Attributes of 4-H participants engaged in Robotics

Robotics has gained a great deal of popularity across the United States as a means to engage youth in science, technology, engineering, and math. Understanding what motivates youth and adults to participate in a robotics project is critical to understanding how to engage others. By developing a robotics program built on a proper understanding of the motivational influences, the program can be built on a foundation that addresses these influences. By engaging more youth in the robotics program, they will be able to envision a future for themselves as a high-school or college graduate, in addition to a viable employee with marketable skills in tough economy. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the underlying motivational attributes or factors that influenced 4-H youth, parents, volunteers, and agents to participate in the Mississippi 4-H robotics project. Specifically, this research focuses on two unique counties in Mississippi with very diverse populations. Interviews with participants, observation, and document analysis which took place occurred over the course of a robotics year – October to July. This study sought to identify motivational attributes of participants in the robotics project. Once identified these attributes could be used when developing new program curricula or expanding into new counties in Mississippi. Data analysis revealed that there are many unique motivational factors that influence participants. Among these factors, (1) the desire to build and construct a robot, (2) competition and recognition, (3) desire for future success and security, (4) safe place to participate and build relationships, (5) teamwork, (6) positive role models, and (7) encouragement

Foreword [2017]

This is the front matter of the proceedings

Kentucky’s Comprehensive Outreach Program for Horse Pasture Management and Education

The University of Kentucky (UK) Horse Pasture Evaluation Program began in 2005 to improve pasture quality and quantity on Kentucky horse farms. This on-farm program collects detailed data of pasture species composition, tests for tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.) toxicity, and provides farm managers with comprehensive recommendations for management. Species composition is determined using the occupancy method. In 2019, the UK Horse Pasture Health Score Card was developed to provide useful, survey-level information on pastures and allow evaluators to cover far more acres in less time, requiring fewer resources. The objective of this research was to compare accuracy and efficiency of the traditional occupancy method for botanical composition with the UK Horse Pasture Health Score Card. The score card, based on a similar tool developed by USDA-NRCS, includes a 1-5 scoring system of ten categories of pasture health, including desirable grass cover, weed pressure, and grazing management. In 2020, a summer intern evaluated the accuracy of the UK Horse Pasture Health Score Card by comparing to traditionally gathered species composition data. All four quantifiable categories resulted in more than 65% of fields being scored within 1 point of the correct species composition, though two categories showed increased likelihood of underestimation, suggesting the score card may need to be adjusted and that additional training should be provided to the evaluators. While the UK Horse Pasture Health Score Card would not be acceptable for scientific research, this study suggests that, after small modifications, it will be a useful tool for commercial horse pasture evaluations

Using On-Farm Monitoring of Ergovaline and Tall Fescue Composition for Horse Pasture Management

Central Kentucky horse pastures contain significant populations of tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinacea (Schreb.) Dumort) infected with an endophyte (Epichloë coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gams) Bacon and Schardl) known to produce several ergot alkaloids, with ergovaline in the highest concentration. While most classes of horses are not adversely affected by average levels of ergovaline in pastures, late term pregnant mares have a low tolerance to ergovaline and the related ergot alkaloids. Endophyte-infected tall fescue has been known to cause prolonged gestation, thickened placenta, dystocia, agalactia, and foal and mare mortality. The University of Kentucky Horse Pasture Evaluation Program utilizes ergovaline and endophyte testing, as well as pasture species composition, to calculate ergovaline in the total diet in broodmare pastures. This data is used to develop detailed management recommendations for individual pastures. Application of these recommendations has led to reduced tall fescue toxicity symptoms on these farms, as well as improved pasture management and improved forage quality and quantity

Estimating Carrying Capacity of Cool-Season Pastures in Kentucky using Web Soil Survey

The stocking rate of livestock on a pasture is known to have a significant impact on both forage productivity and financial profitability of an operation. Too many animals in a field results in overgrazing and the need to provide costly supplemental feed; too few animals results in underutilized forages and therefore lost income. While many factors influence how many animals a farm can carry, soil type has a major influence and should be considered when purchasing, leasing, planning, or managing livestock on pastures