Gardens of happiness: Sir William Temple, temperance and China

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Taylor & Francis via the DOI in this recordSir William Temple, an English statesman and humanist, wrote “Upon the Gardens of Epicurus” in 1685, taking a neo-epicurean approach to happiness and temperance. In accord with Pierre Gassendi’s epicureanism, “happiness” is characterised as freedom from disturbance and pain in mind and body, whereas “temperance” means following nature (Providence and one’s physiopsychological constitution). For Temple, cultivating fruit trees in his garden was analogous to the threefold cultivation of temperance as a virtue in the humoral body (as food), the mind (as freedom from the passions), and the bodyeconomic (as circulating goods) in order to attain happiness. A regimen that was supposed to cure the malaise of Restoration amidst a crisis of unbridled passions, this threefold cultivation of temperance underlines Temple’s reception of China and Confucianism wherein happiness and temperance are highlighted. Thus Temple’s “gardens of happiness” represent not only a reinterpretation of classical ideas, but also his dialogue with China.European CommissionLeverhulme Trus

Avaliação de escolas públicas através de desenhos: um estudo comparativo de três escolas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro Evaluación de escuelas públicas a través de dibujos: un estudio comparativo de tres escuelas de la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro Evaluation of public schools through drawings: a comparative study of three schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar um método de avaliação de escolas públicas através do desenho e refletir sobre sua aplicabilidade para compreensão de fenômenos psicossociais que ocorrem no ambiente escolar. Supomos que a linguagem verbal tende a favorecer as normas sociais mais influentes no ambiente acadêmico e fora dele, prejudicando a expressão de indivíduos e grupos que adotam outras normas, supostamente menos legitimas e/ou não reconhecidas socialmente. Os participantes foram estudantes de ensino fundamental e médio de escolas públicas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Eles fizeram um desenho da escola onde estudavam e, em seguida, outro desenho sobre o interior da mesma e, enfim, verbalizaram sobre os desenhos feitos. Constatamos tendências de valorização positiva da imagem da escola e menor envolvimento em atividades típicas de ensino e aprendizagem. A escola desenhada indicou necessidade de um trabalho de dinâmica grupal no ambiente escolar de modo a inserir os estudantes.<br>El objetivo de este trabajo fue testar un método de evaluación de escuelas públicas a través del dibujo y reflexionar sobre su aplicabilidad para la comprensión de fenómenos psicosociales que ocurren en el ambiente escolar. Suponemos que el lenguaje verbal tiende a favorecer las normas sociales más influyentes en el ambiente académico y fuera del mismo, perjudicando la expresión de individuos y grupos que adoptan otras normas, supuestamente menos legítimas y/o no reconocidas socialmente. Los participantes fueron estudiantes de enseñanza primaria y media de escuelas públicas de la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro. Ellos hicieron un dibujo de la escuela donde estudiaban y, seguidamente, otro dibujo sobre el interior de la misma y, finalmente, se expresaron sobre los dibujos hechos. Constatamos tendencias de valorización positiva de la imagen de la escuela y menor envolvimiento con actividades típicas de enseño y aprendizaje. La escuela dibujada indicó la necesidad de un trabajo de dinámica grupal en el ambiente escolar para poder insertar a los estudiantes.<br>This work aimed at testing a method of evaluation of public schools through drawings and to reflect on its applicability to the understanding of psychosocial phenomena taking place in the school's realm. We assume that verbal language tends to favor those social norms which are more influential in the academic milieu and away, which is detrimental to the expression of individuals and groups who adopt other norms thought to be less legitimate and/or socially unrecognized. The participants were elementary and high school students of public schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro. They made a drawing of the school in which they study at and, following, one indoor drawing of it and, finally, they described the drawings they had just made. We verified a tendency to value positively the school's image and less involvement in typical activities of teaching and learning. The drawings of the school pointed to the necessity of a group dynamic work in order to place the students in the school's realm