Modélisation de la performance environnementale des procédés de fabrication par ajout de matière Application à la projection de poudres métalliques

Additive manufacturing is an innovative process to produce mechanical parts. However, it generates environmental impacts are still unknown. To ensure the development of manufacturing processes by adding material, it is important to develop the concept of DFSAM (Design for Sustainable Additive Manufacturing). Indeed, one of the objectives of sustainable manufacturing is to minimize the total flow consumed (electricity, material, fluids...) during production step. For this it is interesting to propose a predictive model of consumption in the integrated design loop, allowing to assess the environmentalimpact of a product during its manufacture.The work of this thesis focuses on the modeling and assessment of environmental impacts of these processes and more specifically for powder projecting technology. This work helped to establish a new methodology of the environmental performance of the set part-process based on the whole impacts sourcesrelated to the manufacturing process. The methodology developed is increasingly interested in all the stages necessary for the production of a mechanical part (rawmaterial production to the finishing step).This manuscript is divided into five chapters that can present the general context of the study, the state of the art, the methodology developed, an application of the methodology to projecting powders manufacturing process and the computer tool developed during this thesis. The last chapter is devoted to the conclusion on the contributions of this work and provides research perspectives.La fabrication additive est un procédé innovant permettant de produire des pièces mécaniques. Néanmoins, les impacts environnementaux qu'il génère sont encore méconnus. Pour assurer le développement des procédés de fabrication par ajout de matière, il est important de développer le concept de DFSAM (Design for Sustainable Additive Manufacturing). En effet, undes objectifs de la fabrication durable est de minimiser l'ensemble des flux consommés (électricité, matière, fluides, …) lors de l'étape de réalisation. Pour cela il est intéressant de proposer un modèle prédictif de consommation intégré dans la boucle de conception, permettant d'évaluer l'impact environnemental d'un produit lors de sa fabrication.Les travaux de cette thèse porte sur la modélisation et l’évaluation des impacts environnementaux de ces procédés et plus précisément à la technologie de projection de poudres. Ces travaux ont permis de mettre en place une nouvelle méthodologie d’évaluation de la performance environnementale du couple pièce-procédé basée sur l’ensemble de sources d’impacts liés auprocédé de fabrication. La méthodologie développée s’intéresse de plus à l’ensemble des étapes nécessaires à la production d’une pièce mécanique (de mise en oeuvre de la matière brute jusqu’à la phase de finition).Ce manuscrit est divisé en cinq chapitres qui permettent de présenter le contexte général de l’étude, l’état de l’art, la méthodologie d’évaluation, l’application sur le procédé de fabrication par projection de poudres et l’outil informatique développé durant ces travaux de thèse. Le dernier chapitre se consacre à la conclusion sur les apports de ces travaux et propose des perspectives de recherches

Environmental Impact Assessment Studies in Additive Manufacturing

International audienceThis chapter focuses on the environmental studies in additive manufacturing. For a cleaner production, environmental impacts that occur during the manufacturing phase should be assessed with accuracy. First, the literature on all the studies led to the characterization of the environmental impact of additive manufacturing processes. The studies on electric energy consumption of these processes are analyzed here, and then some studies taking into account raw material and all the flows through the process are detailed. Secondly, a new methodology in order to evaluate, with accuracy, the environmental impact of a part from its CAD model is presented. In this methodology, the work is not focused only on electrical consumption but also on fluids and material consumption which also contribute to the environmental impact. In addition, the inputs of this methodology correspond to the set part process, which allows taking into account different manufacturing strategies and their influences on the global environmental impact. The methodology developed is based on both analytic models (validated by experiments) and experimental models. And finally, an industrial example shows that for some manufacturing strategies, the environmental impact due to electrical consumption is not the predominant one. In this case study, material consumption has an important impact and has to be taken into consideration for a complete environmental impact assessment

Dynamiques des langues et dynamiques identitaires à travers les biographies langagières de jeunes migrants

This report joins within the framework of the domain "Contact of languages". He studies the linguistic biographies of sixteen young foreign isolated minors in class of vocational training qualifications in a professional high school in Brittany. Through their languages of origin, the languages met during the route migratory, the language of the host country and French of schooling raises itself the question of the language learning. How are themultilingual and multicultural skills going to develop? Also, the relationship between identity, culture and language will take shape individually in every route of life.Ce mémoire s'inscrit dans le cadre du domaine « Contact de langues ». Il étudie les biographies langagières de seize jeunes mineurs isolés étrangers en classe de CAP dans un lycée professionnel en Bretagne. À travers leurs langues d'origine, les langues rencontrées au cours du parcours migratoires, la langue du pays d'accueil et le français de scolarisation se pose la question de l'apprentissage des langues. Comment les compétences plurilingues et pluriculturelles vont-elles se développer ? De même, le rapport entre identité, culture et langue se dessinera individuellement dans chaque parcours de vie

Environmental performance modeling for additive manufacturing processes

International audienceSustainability means considering economic, social and environmental aspects. In the mechanical product design field, sustainability means thinking about eco-design and life cycle analysis, when the whole life cycle of the product (from raw material extraction to end of life) is concerned with environmental impacts. Nowadays, most of the manufacturing methods are driven only by money, and the environmental and social aspects are not taken into account. The goal of this paper is to propose an environmental assessment methodology of the manufacturing processes. In this methodology, all flows consumed and produced (material, fluids, electricity) are considered. A predictive model of flow consumption is defined from the CAD model of the product and the manufacturing program. The aim is to be able to minimize the environmental impacts of the manufacturing during the design stage. In this paper, the focus is put on additive manufacturing