Dos perspectivas para la lógica condicional

Existen en la literatura sobre el tema de condicionales, distintos tipos de propuestas clasificatorias. Se puede encontrar por ejemplo, una clasificación que divide a los condicionales entre condicionales subjuntivos o contrafácticos y condicionales indicativos. Más recientemente otra de las clasificaciones propuestas es aquella que distingue entre condicionales epistémicos y condicionales ónticos. En mi articulo "Condicionales indicativos y condicionales epistémicos" intenté defender la siguiente tesis

La filosofía de la lógica y el razonamiento del sentido común

En este trabajo se intenta avanzar en marcar la importación de ampliar el ámbito temático de la filosofía de la lógica a cuestiones inherentes al desarrollo de nuevas lógicas provenientes de la IA que tematizan el razonamiento del sentido común

Non-monotonic Selection Issues in Electoral Regression Discontinuity Designs

The Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) has become a popular method for program evaluation in recent years. While it is compelling in its simplicity and requires little in terms of a priori assumptions, it is vulnerable to bias introduced by self-selection into treatment or control group. The purpose of this article is to discuss the issue of non-monotonic self-selection, by which similar numbers of individuals select into and out of treatment simultaneously. This kind of selection has not been discussed in detail so far in the literature, and can be hard to detect with the commonly used methods for data-driven RDD specification testing. The focus of this article lies on selection in the context of close elections, since those are popular natural experiments for RDD applications, and because in this context the issue of non-monotonic selection is rarely considered in practise. I will present a slightly modified approach to specification testing, designed to detect non-monotonic self selection and based on the density test by McCrary (2008). In order to demonstrate how RDDs can be affected by the issue, two existing RDD applications are analysed with respect to non-monotonic sorting. In the first, this article follows up and expands on the remarks made by Caughey & Sekhon (2011) about selection issues in the well known RDD application by D. Lee (2008). The second application is based on the Mexican mayoral election RDD by Dell (2015)

Condicionales, nomonotonía y primitivos pragmáticos

El uso de métodos formales para el tratamiento de las expresiones condicionales, ha sido objeto de estudio de disciplinas como la lógica y la Inteligencia Artificial (lA). En cuanto a la primera, una de las maneras usuales definir el propósito de las las lógicas condicionales, es postular que se ocupan del estudio de la teoria de la prueba y la semántica para los condicionales del lenguaje natural. Desde la comunidad de la IA se han formado sistemas que permiten reflejar las propiedades de los llamados razonamtentos nomonótonos en términos de un sistema de lógica condicional. El tipo de condicionales asociados a esta clase de razonamientos es el de los llamados condicionales derrotables

La dimensión pragmática del problema de las constantes lógicas

Nuestro propósito en este trabajo será el de tratar de esclarecer en qué sentido el problema de las constantes lógicas parece involucrar una dimensión pragmática y cómo el reconocimiento de la necesidad de tener en cuenta esta dimensión, podría de alguna manera involucrar o presuponer un cierto tipo de concepción acerca de qué es la lógica

Changing selection into full-time work and its effect on wage inequality in Germany

To explore whether changes in the selection into full-time work among German men were a driver in the rise in wage inequality since the mid-1990s, we propose a modification of selection-corrected quantile regressions. Addressing Huber and Melly’s (J Appl Econom 30(7):1144–1168, 2015) concerns, this modification allows us to estimate the effects of selection with respect to both observables and unobservables. Our findings show that those employed in 1995 would have had lower wages in 2010 than those employed in 2010 and wage dispersion would have been higher, suggesting that full-time workers have become less heterogeneous over time.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE)Peer Reviewe

Rising wage inequality in Germany: increasing heterogeneity and changing selection into full-time work

This study revisits the increase in wage inequality in Germany. Accounting for changes in various sets of observables, composition changes explain a large part of the increase in wage inequality among full-time workers. The composition effects are larger for females than for males, and increasingly heterogenous labor market histories play an important role. Furthermore, we find strong effects of education for males and strong effects of age and experience for females. Changes in industry and occupation explain fairly little. Extending the analysis to total employment confirms the basic findings, while revealing substantial negative selection into part-time work

Consideraciones en torno a la naturaleza conjuntista de la semántica de la Teoría de Conjuntos

In this paper I discuss some issues concerning the semantics of set theory. The set-theoretical nature of the semantics of axiomatic set theory raises a problem of circularity. It is well-known that when we adopt the model-theoretic point of view in the study of mathematical theories we decide to consider primarily structures in their relationship with languages. But for the fundamental structure adopted in a set-theoretic setting, namely the collection of all sets, together with the relation of membership, we would have in that case a structure whose universe would be a set (because any structure has a set as its universe), and at the same time it would have the power of the collection of all sets. This is precisely the origin of the fundamental problem in the semantics of set theory. Apparently, the recourse to an intuitive or pre-theoretic semantics in terms of the iterative conception of sets is unavoidable. However, this strategy doesn't seem to solve some basic philosophical topics involved and linked to the central semantic problem of set theory, namely, how to understand quantification over the totality of sets. Finally, I put forward some meta-philosophical considerations concerning the semantic problem I deal with.En este artículo discuto, algunas cuestiones de la semántica de la teoría de conjuntos. La naturaleza teórico-conjuntista de la semántica de la teoría axiomática de conjuntos plantea un problema de circularidad. Es bien sabido que cuando adoptamos la perspectiva de la teoría de modelos para el estudio de las teorías matemáticas decidimos considerar en primer término estructuras en sus relaciones con lenguajes. Pero por la estructura fundamental adoptada en un marco de teoría de conjuntos, a saber, la colección de todos los conjuntos, junto con la relación de membresía, en ese caso tendríamos una estructura cuyo universo sería un conjunto (porque cualquier estructura tiene como su universo a un conjunto) y al mismo tiempo tendría la potencia de la colección de todos los conjuntos. Ése es precisamente el origen del problema fundamental en la semántica de la teoría de conjuntos. Aparentemente, el recurso a una semántica intuitiva o pre-teórica en términos de la concepción iterativa de conjuntos es inevitable. Sin embargo, esta estrategia no parece resolver algunas dificultades filosóficas básicas y está ligada al problema semántico central de la teoría de conjuntos, esto es, cómo comprender la cuantificación sobre la totalidad de los conjuntos. Por último, avanzo algunas consideraciones filosóficas concernientes al problema semántico que examino

High-intensity interval training: optimizing oxygen consumption and time to exhaustion taking advantage of the exponential reconstitution behaviour of D’

Purpose: Accumulating the time near maximum aerobic power (V ˙ O 2max) is considered to be the most effective way to improve aerobic capacity. The aims of this study were: (1) to verify whether postponing the first recovery interval improves time to exhaustion during a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) test, and (2) to verify whether a HIIT protocol with decreasing interval duration (HIDIT) is more effective in accumulating time near V ˙ O 2max compared with two classical protocols with short intervals (SIHIIT) and long intervals (LIHIIT). Methods: Nine active males (35 ± 11 years, V ˙ O 2max 52 ± 5 mL·min−1·kg−1) performed a graded exercise test on an athletic track. Critical velocity and D’ were estimated from three to five high-intensity trials to exhaustion. Then, the subjects performed three trials with a single recovery interval after 30 s (Rec30s), after 3 min (Rec3min) and after exhaustion (RecTlim) to verify whether postponing the first recovery interval enhances the time to exhaustion. Finally, the subjects performed the three HIIT protocols mentioned above. Results: The time to exhaustion was significantly greater in RecTlim (464 ± 67 s) than in Rec3min (388 ± 48 s) (p 0.0001). Additionally, it was significantly greater in Rec3min than in Rec30s (p = 0.0247). Furthermore, the time accumulated near V ˙ O 2max was significantly longer in HIDIT (998 ± 129 s) than in SIHIIT (678 ± 116 s) (p = 0.003) and LIHIIT (673 ± 115 s) (p < 0.031). Conclusions: During the trials, postponing the first recovery interval was effective in improving the time to exhaustion. Moreover, HIDIT was effective in prolonging the time near V ˙ O 2max

El signo de aserción fregeano

En el Tractatus Wtttgenstein formula algunos comentarios acerca de signCI de aserción introducido por Frege que derivaron en una serie de polémicas interpretaciones que algunos autores propusieron promediando el siglo XX sobre la naturaleza de este elemento del simbolismo fregeano. En lo que sigue trataré de reseñar algunos de los errores que a mi entender están contenidos en algunas de estas interpretaciones hoy ya clásicas del signo de aserción fregean