Population genetic diversity in an Iraqi population and gene flow across the Arabian Peninsula

Abstract: Y-STRs have emerged as important forensic and population genetic markers for human identification and population differentiation studies. Therefore, population databases for these markers have been developed for almost all major populations around the world. The Iraqi population encompasses several ethnic groups that need to be genetically characterised and evaluated for possible substructures. Previous studies on the Iraqi population based on Y-STR markers were limited by a restricted number of markers. A larger database for Iraqi Arab population needed to be developed to help study and compare the population with other Middle Eastern populations. Twenty-three Y-STR loci included in the PowerPlex Y23 (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) were typed in 254 males from the Iraqi Arab population. Global and regional Y-STR analysis demonstrated regional genetic continuity among the populations of Iraq, the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East. The Iraqi Arab haplotypes were used to allocate samples to their most likely haplogroups using Athey’s Haplogroup Predictor tool. Prediction indicated predominance (36.6%) of haplogroup J1 in Iraqi Arabs. The migration rate between other populations and the Iraqis was inferred using coalescence theory in the Migrate-n program. Y-STR data were used to test different out-of-Africa migration models as well as more recent migrations within the Arabian Peninsula. The migration models demonstrated that gene flow to Iraq began from East Africa, with the Levantine corridor the most probable passageway out of Africa. The data presented here will enrich our understanding of genetic diversity in the region and introduce a PowerPlex Y23 database to the forensic community

Population genetic study of 17 Y-STR Loci of the Sorani Kurds in the Province of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq

BACKGROUND: The Kurds as an ethnic group are believed to be a combination of earlier Indo-European tribes who migrated and inhabited a mountainous area thousands of years ago. However, as it is difficult to describe the precise history of their origin, it is necessary to investigate their population relationship with other geographical and ethnic groups. RESULTS: Seventeen Short Tandem Repeat markers on the Y chromosome (Y-STR) included in the AmpFLSTR™ Yfiler™ PCR Amplification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) were used to type DNA samples from the Sorani (Central) Kurdish population in Sulaymaniyah province. One hundred fifty-seven haplotypes were obtained from 162 unrelated male individuals. The highest and lowest gene diversities were DYS385a/b (GD = 0.848) and DYS392 (GD = 0.392), respectively. The haplotypes were used to predict the most likely haplogroups in the Sulaymaniyah population. CONCLUSION: Haplogroup prediction indicated predominance (28%) of subclade J2 (44/157) in the Sorani Kurds, northeast of Iraq. The pairwise genetic distance results showed that the Kurdish group clustered along with Asian populations, whereas the furthest countries were Europeans and Africans. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-09005-6

The control of permanent magnet synchronous motor drive based on the space vector pulse width modulation and fractional order PID controller

This study explains a new way to speed control for PMSMs based on the FOC and SVPWM techniques employed in the building of the permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). When it comes to current control, two inner and one outside feedback loops were used. Feedback control with FOPID controllers is used to optimize the performance of PMSM motor design. FOPID parameters were optimized using genetic algorithms in MATLAB/Simulink simulations. Good dynamic and static qualities are demonstrated through simulation results. There is also a comparison of PMSM PID and FOPID controllers included

An X-STRs analysis of the Iraqi Sorani Kurds

A database for the Iraqi Sorani Kurds, specifically focused on the 12 X-short tandem repeat (STR) loci, has been developed to fascilitate forensic and population genetics investigations. The present study involved genotyping 117 unrelated individuals from the Sorani Kurds ethnic group using the Investigator Argus X-12 QS kit. The analysis revealed that the DXS10135 locus exhibited the highest degree of polymorphism, as indicated by a polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.94565 and a gene diversity (GD) value of 0.95623. Conversely, the DXS8378 locus displayed the lowest level of polymorphism, with a PIC value of 0.61026 and a GD value of 0.68170. Notably, two individuals were found to possess a rare allele (allele = 6) at the DXS8378 locus, which was not included in the allelic ladder of the kit. Furthermore, a significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) (p < 0.05/117) was observed between the DXS10103 and DXS10101 loci on linkage group 3 (LG3). The ancestral composition of the five primary geographic regions, namely Africa, Middle East, East Asia, Europe, and South America, was determined through the utilization of the FST/FSTmax ratio. The findings of this analysis revealed that the Middle Eastern populations exhibited the lowest FST/FSTmax ratio, measuring at 0.23243, indicating a relatively lower ancestral diversity. Conversely, the European populations showcased the highest FST/FSTmax ratio, measuring at 0.27122, indicative of a greater ancestral diversity within this region. Additionally, the allelic richness indicators, namely distinctive and private alleles, indicated that Africa and the Middle East displayed the highest levels, while Far East Asia exhibited the lowest. This analysis supports the hypothesis of repeated founder effects during outward migrations, as evidenced by both the ancestry variability and the allelic richness. Consequently, the findings of this study have important implications for forensic genetics and population genetics research, particularly in relation to the consideration of genetic predispositions within specific ethnic groups

Are Roma People Descended from the Punjab Region of Pakistan: A Y-Chromosomal Perspective

Gypsies are a separate ethnic group living in Pakistan and some other countries as well. They are mostly known as ‘Roma’ and ‘untouchables’. They have different types of lifestyles as compared to other common people, as they always keep migrating from one place to another. They do not have proper houses; they live in tent houses and most probably work on daily wages to earn their living. Gypsies cannot be specified according to the place of residence and can only be classified according to their migration route. Previous historical and linguistic research showed the north Indian origin of Roma people. The present study collected 285 unrelated Roma individuals living in Punjab and typed with the Goldeneye Y20 system. Allelic frequencies ranged between 0.0035 and 0.5266, with haplotype diversity (HD) of 0.9999 and discrimination capacity (DC) of 0.8790. Gene diversity (GD) ranged from 0.6489 (DYS391) to 0.9764 (DYS391) (DY385ab). A total of 223 unique alleles were observed. Interestingly, the haplogroup R accounted for 40.56% and J for 22.06%. In MDS analysis, Pakistani Roma formed a close cluster with Roma from Constanta, Romania. The migration pattern of the Roma population from Pakistan, India and Europe was inferred using coalescence theory in the Migrate-n program. Overlapping Y-STR data were used to test different migration models. These migration models showed us the dominant gene flow from Pakistan to India and Europe to Pakistan. The results of our study showed that Y STRs provided substantially stronger discriminatory power in the Pakistani Roma population

An X-STRs analysis of the Iraqi Sorani Kurds

A database for the Iraqi Sorani Kurds, specifically focused on the 12 X-short tandem repeat (STR) loci, has been developed to fascilitate forensic and population genetics investigations. The present study involved genotyping 117 unrelated individuals from the Sorani Kurds ethnic group using the Investigator Argus X-12 QS kit. The analysis revealed that the DXS10135 locus exhibited the highest degree of polymorphism, as indicated by a polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.94565 and a gene diversity (GD) value of 0.95623. Conversely, the DXS8378 locus displayed the lowest level of polymorphism, with a PIC value of 0.61026 and a GD value of 0.68170. Notably, two individuals were found to possess a rare allele (allele = 6) at the DXS8378 locus, which was not included in the allelic ladder of the kit. Furthermore, a significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) (p < 0.05/117) was observed between the DXS10103 and DXS10101 loci on linkage group 3 (LG3). The ancestral composition of the five primary geographic regions, namely Africa, Middle East, East Asia, Europe, and South America, was determined through the utilization of the FST/FSTmax ratio. The findings of this analysis revealed that the Middle Eastern populations exhibited the lowest FST/FSTmax ratio, measuring at 0.23243, indicating a relatively lower ancestral diversity. Conversely, the European populations showcased the highest FST/FSTmax ratio, measuring at 0.27122, indicative of a greater ancestral diversity within this region. Additionally, the allelic richness indicators, namely distinctive and private alleles, indicated that Africa and the Middle East displayed the highest levels, while Far East Asia exhibited the lowest. This analysis supports the hypothesis of repeated founder effects during outward migrations, as evidenced by both the ancestry variability and the allelic richness. Consequently, the findings of this study have important implications for forensic genetics and population genetics research, particularly in relation to the consideration of genetic predispositions within specific ethnic groups

المهارات النفسية للاعبي شباب اندية بغداد الدوري الممتاز لكرة القدم موسم 2021-2022

     هدفت الدراسة الى تطبيق مقياس المهارات النفسية لدى لاعبي كرة القدم فئة الشباب لأندية بغداد المشاركين في الدوري العراقي الممتاز بكرة القدم للشباب للموسم 2021 - 2022، وبلغ مجتمع الدراسة (240) لاعباً، اما عينة تطبيق المقياس فقد بلغت (100) لاعب، وبعد اكمال جميع متطلبات البحث واستخراج النتائج فقد تم التوصل الى تطبيق مقياس المهارات النفسية لدى لاعبي الشباب اندية بغداد لكرة القدم وتكون المقياس من (24) عبارة موزعة على (6) مجالات وهي (القدرة على التصور العقلي، القدرة على الاسترخاء، القدرة على مواجهة القلق، القدرة على تركيز الانتباه، القدرة على الثقة في النفس، القدرة على دافعية الانجاز) ومن اهم استنتاجات الدراسة وتم التوصل الى ان عينة الدراسة كانت تمتلك القدرة على الاسترخاء والقدرة على مواجهة القلق والقدرة على الثقة بالنفس، بينما كانت تعاني من ضعف في المجالات الاتية مجال (القدرة على التصور)، ومجال (القدرة على تركيز الانتباه)، ومجال (القدرة على دافعية الانجاز)، وهنا اوصى الباحثان على ضرورة تدعيم وتعزيز جميع المجالات النفسية وعدم اهمال جانب معين، كما اوصى بضرورة ان يكون تدريب المهارات النفسية من ضمن المناهج التدريبية التي يعمل عليها المدرب سواء في فترات الاعداد او في فترة المنافسة كون لاعب كرة القدم يحتاج بصورة مستمرة الى هذه المهارات حتى يستطيع مواجهة ضغوط التدريب والمنافسة عالية المستوى