Possíveis direções para aumentar a eficiência do sistema de saúde por meio do desenvolvimento de software

In the modern world, software is practically inevitable and present everywhere. Today, software represents the key to the success of most computer systems and at the same time the differentiation factor of the organizations that own it. Software has become an essential component in healthcare decision-making and the basis of scientific research and healthcare problem solving. The development of microprocessors enabled the widespread infiltration of computers into biomedical instruments for measuring, monitoring and displaying a number of parameters in physiology, clinic, radiology, nuclear medicine, laboratories and others. Digital communication techniques have enabled the networking of computers and the exchange of large amounts of information needed by expert systems to improve the quality of decision-making.En el mundo moderno, el software es prácticamente inevitable y está presente en todas partes. Hoy en día, el software representa la clave del éxito de la mayoría de los sistemas informáticos y al mismo tiempo el factor diferenciador de las organizaciones que lo poseen. El software se ha convertido en un componente esencial en la toma de decisiones de atención médica y en la base de la investigación científica y la resolución de problemas de atención médica. El desarrollo de microprocesadores permitió la infiltración generalizada de computadoras en instrumentos biomédicos para medir, monitorear y mostrar una variedad de parámetros en fisiología, clínica, radiología, medicina nuclear, laboratorios y más. Las técnicas de comunicación digital permitieron la interconexión de computadoras y el intercambio de grandes cantidades de información necesaria para que los sistemas expertos mejoren la calidad de la toma de decisiones.No mundo moderno, o software é praticamente inevitável e está presente em todos os lugares. Hoje, o software representa a chave do sucesso da maioria dos sistemas informáticos e ao mesmo tempo o fator de diferenciação das organizações que o detêm. O software tornou-se um componente essencial na tomada de decisões em saúde e a base da pesquisa científica e resolução de problemas de saúde. O desenvolvimento de microprocessadores permitiu a infiltração generalizada de computadores em instrumentos biomédicos para medir, monitorar e exibir uma série de parâmetros em fisiologia, clínica, radiologia, medicina nuclear, laboratórios e outros. As técnicas de comunicação digital possibilitaram a interligação de computadores e a troca de grandes quantidades de informações necessárias aos sistemas especialistas para melhorar a qualidade da tomada de decisão

Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

BACKGROUND: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. METHODS: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0·5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. FINDINGS: Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86·9 years (95% UI 86·7-87·2), and for men in Singapore, at 81·3 years (78·8-83·7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, an

Visualization In Mathematics Teaching

In recent years, there has been an increased use of information and communication technologies and mathematical software in mathematics teaching. Numerous studies of the effectiveness of mathematical learning have shown the justification and usefulness of the implementation of new teaching aids. They also showed that learning with educational software has a great impact on students' achievement in the overall acquisition of mathematical knowledge during the school year as well as in the final exam at the end of primary education. Teaching realized by using computers and software packages is interesting for students, increases their interest and active participation. It is indisputable that the use of computers and mathematical software has great benefits that have been proven and presented in their works by many researchers of effective learning. It is also indisputable that one of the main tasks of teaching mathematics is to develop constructive thinking of students. Visualization and representation of mathematical laws are of great importance in the realization of mathematics teaching. They should be applied everywhere and whenever possible

Editorial: Chromatin structure and function

International audienc

On oscillation and asymptotic behaviour of a neutral differential equation of first order with positive and negative coefficients

In this paper sufficient conditions are obtained so that every solution of $$(y(t)- p(t)y(t-au))'+ Q(t)G(y(t-sigma))-U(t)G(y(t-alpha)) = f(t)$$ tends to zero or to $pm infty$ as $t$ tends to $infty$, where $au ,sigma ,alpha$ are positive real numbers, $p,fin C([0,infty),R),Q,Uin C([0,infty),[0,infty))$, and $Gin C(R,R)$, $G$ is non decreasing with $xG(x)>0$ for $x eq 0$. The two primary assumptions in this paper are $int_{t_0}^{infty}Q(t)=infty$ and $int_{t_0}^{infty}U(t)<infty$. The results hold when $G$ is linear, super linear,or sublinear and also hold when $f(t) equiv 0$. This paper generalizes and improves some of the recent results in [5,7,8,10]

Integration of Rational Functions

A rational function can always be integrated, that is, the integral of such a function is always an elementary function. The integration procedure is complex and consists of four steps: elimination of the common zero-points of the numerator and denominator, reduction to a true rational function, decomposition into partial fractions and integration of the obtained expressions using direct integration, substitution method or partial integration method. Integrating rational functions is important because integrals of rational functions of trigonometric functions as well as integrals of some irrational functions are reduced to integrals of rational functions by appropriate transformations

Non-oscillatory behaviour of higher order functional differential equations of neutral type

In this paper, we obtain sufficient conditions so that the neutral functional differential equation $$displaylines{ ig[r(t) [y(t)-p(t)y(au (t))]'ig]^{(n-1)} + q(t) G(y(h(t))) = f(t) }$$ has a bounded and positive solution. Here $ngeq 2$; $q,au, h$ are continuous functions with $q(t) geq 0$; $h(t)$ and $au(t)$ are increasing functions which are less than $t$, and approach infinity as $t o infty$. In our work, $r(t) equiv 1$ is admissible, and neither we assume that $G$ is non-decreasing, that $xG(x) > 0$ for $x eq 0$, nor that $G$ is Lipschitzian. Hence the results of this paper generalize many results in [1] and [4]-[8]

A novel fitted numerical scheme for singularly perturbed delay parabolic problems with two small parameters

In this paper, fitted operator finite difference methods are presented for two-parameter singularly perturbed one-dimensional parabolic partial differential equations with a delay in the time variable. Such boundary value problems are frequently encountered in the spatial diffusion of reactants and in control systems. To approximate the solution of the problem, we consider the Crank–Nicolson method for time discretization and the non-standard scheme for space discretization on uniform meshes. We prove that the proposed numerical method is uniformly convergent, having convergence of order two in time and one in space. Further, we present numerical results for two test problems in support of our theoretical findings and to demonstrate that the non-standard scheme is more effective than the hybrid scheme comprising central difference, upwind, and mid-point