531 research outputs found
Instrument Choice in Environmental Policy
We examine the extent to which various environmental policy instruments meet major evaluation criteria, including cost-effectiveness, distributional equity, minimization of risk in the presence of uncertainty, and political feasibility. Instruments considered include emissions taxes, tradable emissions allowances, subsidies for emissions reductions, performance standards, technology mandates, and research and development subsidies. Several themes emerge. First, no single instrument is clearly superior along all the criteria. Second, significant trade-offs arise in the choice of instrument; for example, assuring a reasonable degree of distributional equity often will require a sacrifice of cost-effectiveness. Third, it is possible and sometimes desirable to design hybrid instruments that combine features of various instruments in their âpureâ form. Fourth, for many pollution problems, more than one market failure may be involved, which may justify (on efficiency grounds, at least) employing more than one instrument. Finally, potential overlaps and undesirable interactions among environmental policy instruments are sometimes a matter of concern.emissions control instruments, cost-effectiveness, distributional burden, induced innovation
Rapid X-ray Variability of Seyfert 1 Galaxies
The rapid and seemingly random fluctuations in X-ray luminosity of Seyfert
galaxies provided early support for the standard model in which Seyferts are
powered by a supermassive black hole fed from an accretion disc. However, since
EXOSAT there has been little opportunity to advance our understanding of the
most rapid X-ray variability. Observations with XMM-Newton have changed this.
We discuss some recent results obtained from XMM-Newton observations of Seyfert
1 galaxies. Particular attention will be given to the remarkable similarity
found between the timing properties of Seyferts and black hole X-ray binaries,
including the power spectrum and the cross spectrum (time delays and
coherence), and their implications for the physical processes at work in
Seyferts.Comment: To appear in From X-ray Binaries to Quasars: Black Hole Accretion on
All Mass Scales, ed. T. J. Maccarone, R. P. Fender, and L. C. Ho (Dordrecht:
Kluwer
Entanglement can increase asymptotic rates of zero-error classical communication over classical channels
It is known that the number of different classical messages which can be
communicated with a single use of a classical channel with zero probability of
decoding error can sometimes be increased by using entanglement shared between
sender and receiver. It has been an open question to determine whether
entanglement can ever increase the zero-error communication rates achievable in
the limit of many channel uses. In this paper we show, by explicit examples,
that entanglement can indeed increase asymptotic zero-error capacity, even to
the extent that it is equal to the normal capacity of the channel.
Interestingly, our examples are based on the exceptional simple root systems E7
and E8.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figur
Immunohistochemical Analysis of Connexin43 Expression in Infertile Human Testes
Connexin43 (Cx43) is abundantly expressed in mammalian testes and implicated in the regulation of cell-to-cell interaction between germ cells and Sertoli cells, which is essential to the normal process of spermatogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the relation between Cx43 expression and the degree of spermatogenesis in infertile human testes. Immunohistochemical analysis of Cx43 was performed on testicular biopsies from 29 patients with azoospermia (n=23) and severe oligospermia (n=6), who gave informed consent to this experiment. The degree of testicular spermatogenesis was evaluated by Johnsen score. In the interstitium, immunostaining for Cx43 was localized to some focal parts of plasma membrane between neighboring Leydig cells. In seminiferous tubules with normal spermatogenesis, Cx43 expression was found between Sertoli cells and germ cells. However, Cx43 expression in maturation arrest was decreased and located mainly in the basal compartment of seminiferous tubules. Finally, there was a significant positive correlation between histological score of spermatogenesis and intensity of Cx43 (p=0.0294). These data suggest that the alteration of Cx43 expression may be involved in spermatogenic impairment, and that the communication between Sertoli cells and germ cells through Cx43 may be important for maturation of spermatogenesis
Black Hole, Jet, and Disk: The Universal Engine
In this paper I review the results of our ongoing project to investigate the
coupling between accretion disk and radio jet in galactic nuclei and stellar
mass black holes. We find a good correlation between the UV bump luminosity and
the radio luminosities of AGN, which improves upon the usual [OIII]/radio
correlations. Taking mass and energy conservation in the jet/disk system into
account we can successfully model the correlation for radio-loud and radio-weak
quasars. We find that jets are comparable in power to the accretion disk
luminosity, and the difference between radio-loud and radio-weak may correspond
to two natural stages of the relativistic electron distribution -- assuming
that radio weak quasars have jets as well. The distribution of flat- and
steep-spectrum sources is explained by bulk Lorentz factors gamma_j ~ 5-10. The
absence of radio-loud quasars below a critical optical luminosity coincides
with the FR I/FR II break and could be explained by a powerdependent,
``closing'' torus. This points towards a different type of obscuring torus in
radio-loud host galaxies which might be a consequence of past mergers (e.g. by
the temporary formation of a binary black-hole). Interaction of the jet with
the closing torus might in principle also help to make a jet radio-loud.
Turning to stellar-mass black holes we find that galactic jet sources can be
described with the same coupled jet/disk model as AGN which is suggestive of
some kind of universal coupling between jet and accretion disk around compact
objects.Comment: to appear in ``Jets from Stars and Galactic Nuclei'', Springer
Lecture Notes, plain TeX, 16 pages, also at
http://www.astro.umd.edu/~hfalcke/publications.htm
Landâuse history augments environmentâplant community relationship strength in a Puerto Rican wet forest
SPACA3gene variants in a New Zealand cohort of infertile and fertile couples
SPRASA (also referred to as SLLP1) is a protein identified in the acrosome of human sperm and encoded by the gene SPACA3. SPRASA is associated with sperm-oocyte recognition and binding, and may play a role in fertility. In order to determine whether variants in the SPACA3 gene are associated with human infertility, we undertook a genetic analysis of 102 infertile and 104 fertile couples. Three gene variants were identified using PCR-based DNA sequencing; 1) an insertion of TGC within a quadruple tri-nucleotide (TGC) repeat region in the 5â untranslated region (UTR) (g.â22TGC(4_5), 2) a guanine to adenosine transition at position 239 (c.239G> A) resulting in a non-synonymous amino acid substitution from cysteine to tyrosine (p.C80Y) at position 80 in the putative transmembrane region, and 3) a novel nucleotide variant (c.691G> C) located in the 3âUTR. A functional effect of the g.â22TGC (4_5) was confirmed by a luciferase expression assay, while the effects of the variants c.239G> A and c.691G> C were predicted using in silico analysis. Although the frequencies of these variants were not significantly different between the infertile and fertile populations, we present evidence that the variants could affect the expression levels or function of SPRASA, thereby affecting a couple's fertility. Larger populations, especially individuals/couples with unexplained infertility, need to be screened for these variants to validate a relationship with fertility
Performance Issues in U.S.âChina Joint Ventures
Based on an in-depth study of U.S.-China joint ventures, this article offers some insights into the performance of such international business relationships. While the conventional literature treats government as an amorphous aspea of the political-legal environment, in this case government is an active participant and influence in the performance of international joint ventures (UVs). It has both a constraining and enabling effect on LJV structure, strategy, and performance. For example, limits can be placed on ownership shares of joint ventures and on prices of the output. At the same time, government can cooperate with LJVs and foreign parent companies by creating partners for foreign parent companies, acting as major customers, and improving financial performance by lowering taxes
Auger Effect in the High-Resolution Ce 3d-edge Resonant Photoemission
The bulk-sensitive Ce 4 spectral weights of various Ce compounds including
CeFe, CeNi, and CeSi were obtained with the resonant photoemission
technique at the Ce 3d-edge. We found the lineshapes change significantly with
the small change of the incident photon energy. Detailed analysis showed that
this phenomenon results primarily from the Auger transition between different
multiplet states of the Ce (bar denotes a hole)
electronic configuration in the intermediate state of the resonant process.
This tells us that extra care should be taken for the choice of the resonant
photon energy when extracting Ce 4 spectral weights from the Ce 3-edge
resonant photoemission spectra. The absorption energy corresponding to the
lowest multiplet structure of the Ce configuration
seems to be the logical choice.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
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