The Determinants of Progressive Era Reform: The Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906

We examine three theories of Progressive Era regulation: public interest, industry capture, and information manipulation by the federal bureaucracy and muckraking press. Based on analysis of qualitative legislative histories and econometric evidence, we argue that the adoption of the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act was due to all three factors. Select producer groups sought regulation to tilt the competitive playing field to their advantage. Progressive reform interests desired regulation to reduce uncertainty about food and drug quality. Additionally, rent-seeking by the muckraking press and its bureaucratic allies played a key role in the timing of the legislation. We also find that because the interests behind regulation could not shape the enforcing agency or the legal environment in which enforcement took place, these groups did not ultimately benefit from regulation in the ways originally anticipated.

Learning the Lessons of Openness

The Open Educational Resources (OER) movement has built up a record of experience and achievements since it was formed 10 years ago as an identifiable approach to sharing online learning materials. In its initial phase, much activity was driven by ideals and interest in finding new ways to release content, with less direct research and reflection on the process. It is now important to consider the impact of OER and the types of evidence that are being generated across initiatives, organisations and individuals. Drawing on the work of OLnet (http://olnet.org) in bringing people together through fellowships, research projects and supporting collective intelligence about OER, we discuss the key challenges facing the OER movement. We go on to consider these challenges in the context of another project, Bridge to Success (http://b2s.aacc.edu), identifying the services which can support open education in the future

A Case Study For Accounting Information Systems A Business Continuity Plan For Protecting Critical Financial Information In The NYC Financial Services Industry

This case study outlines a project launched by the Wall Street West organization, a data redundancy system in Northeastern Pennsylvania which provides backdrop for financial institutions located in New York City. The purpose of this study is threefold. First, the history on the importance of business continuity plans in a post 9/11 world is explored. Second, the Federal Reserve Board, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Securities and Exchange Commission recommendations regarding Disaster Recover, in addition to the requirements of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, are reviewed. Lastly, an overview of Wall Street Wests effort is provided, looking at some of the strategic advantages to locate in Northeastern Pennsylvania and demonstrating the important resources provided by Wall Street West to protect the nations national security. Conclusions and case use recommendations are presented as this case is ideally suited for use in an Accounting Information Systems course at either the undergraduate or graduate level creating an awareness of the importance of business continuity planning

An Investigation Into Computerized Estimating Software Used In Accounting For Cost Estimates By Residential Builders

The purpose of this study was to investigate the utilization of information technology in the estimating functions, related to the scale of operations, by Pennsylvania’s home building contractors.  Firm size was examined as to its impact on three issues in construction cost estimating practices; type of estimating technology, whether or not the primary estimating function was computerized, and if computerized, the primary program used for the estimating functions by home builders.  Significant differences existed among firm sizes in the information technology used for estimating costs.  Secondly, significant differences existed among firm sizes as to the use of a computerized estimating system verses a manual estimating system.  Larger firms utilized more advanced technology.  However, the results revealed that there are not significant differences among firm sizes in the primary program used for estimating when a firm has a computerized estimating procedure.  Small firms that are computerized in many cases are taking advantage of the same software used by larger firms

The Internal Consistency of the Moral Injury Event Scale: A Reliability Generalisation Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

© Hogrefe. All rights reserved. This is the accepted manuscript version of an article which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000824The Moral Injury Event Scale (MIES) is a tool for measuring exposure to potentially morally injurious event(s) and distress. Although it reported acceptable psychometric properties in its initial development studies, it has since been used in multiple contexts and populations without assessment of its changing properties. A reliability generalization of the MIES and its Sub-Scales was therefore undertaken. A systematic search of electronic databases (PsychINFO; PTSD Pubs; MEDLINE; Scopus; Web of Science) identified 42 studies reporting internal consistencies (Cronbach’s α) up to April 2022. Unfortunately, few studies reported any other form of reliability or validity metric (e.g., test-retest, inter-rater reliability). A random effects model with a Bayesian analytic framework and the DerSimonian-Laird (1986) estimate was used. The review found the MIES to be an internally consistent tool based on α estimates at both Full-scale (α = .88; 95% CI [.87–.89]) and Sub-scales (α = .82–.92; 95% CI [.79–.93]). The review uncovered high heterogeneity and inconsistencies in its administration and modification although figures generally remained above acceptable levels (α .70). Based on the review, the MIES represents an internally reliably tool for measuring potentially morally injurious events and distress at both Full and Sub-Scales according to pooled Cronbach’s α estimates.Peer reviewe

Extended-interval Dosing of Gentamicin for Treatment of Neonatal Sepsis in Developed and Developing Countries

Serious bacterial infections are the single most important cause of neonatal mortality in developing countries. Case-fatality rates for neonatal sepsis in developing countries are high, partly because of inadequate administration of necessary antibiotics. For the treatment of neonatal sepsis in resource-poor, high-mortality settings in developing countries where most neonatal deaths occur, simplified treatment regimens are needed. Recommended therapy for neonatal sepsis includes gentamicin, a parenteral aminoglycoside antibiotic, which has excellent activity against gram-negative bacteria, in combination with an antimicrobial with potent gram-positive activity. Traditionally, gentamicin has been administered 2–3 times daily. However, recent evidence suggests that extended-interval (i.e. ≥24 hours) dosing may be applicable to neonates. This review examines the available data from randomized and non-randomized studies of extended-interval dosing of gentamicin in neonates from both developed and developing countries. Available data on the use of gentamicin among neonates suggest that extended dosing intervals and higher doses (>4 mg/kg) confer a favourable pharmacokinetic profile, the potential for enhanced clinical efficacy and decreased toxicity at reduced cost. In conclusion, the following simplified weight-based dosing regimen for the treatment of serious neonatal infections in developing countries is recommended: 13.5 mg (absolute dose) every 24 hours for neonates of ≥2,500 g, 10 mg every 24 hours for neonates of 2,000–2,499 g, and 10 mg every 48 hours for neonates of <2,000 g

Assessing Moral Injury and its Clinical Associations in a UK Secure Care Population

© 2023 American Psychological Association. This is the accepted manuscript version of an article which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000480Introduction: Moral Injury (MI) represents a type of trauma that can manifest after committing or witnessing transgressions which result in feelings of shame, guilt, and inner turmoil. Although originally conceived and researched in military settings, emerging research has focused on broader populations including health professionals, social workers, police, and prison staff. Few empirical studies have focused on service-user populations, especially those in forensic clinical settings despite the risk factors associated with these groups. Method: This cross-sectional study assessed the presence of MI along with its clinical associations among a UK forensic secure care sample (n=38). It used a series of brief psychometric tools including a modified Moral Injury Event Scale (MIES), International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), Recovering Quality of Life (ReQoL-20), State Shame and Guilt Scale (SSGS), and Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF). Results: MI was endorsed by most participants (89.5%) with an overall moderate-to-high level rating (M=38.2). Other-transgressions (M=9.2) and betrayal (M=13.6) were relatively higher compared with self-transgressions (M=15.4) based on possible maximum sub-domain scores. The overall MI scores were associated with ratings of trauma (r=.550), guilt (r=.470), and poorer quality-of-life (r=-.341), though not shame or self-compassion (p>.05). Regression analyses revealed a moderate contribution of ITQ scores in MIES score variability. Discussion: MI scores were similar to or higher than other populations from across the literature demonstrating a high presence of potentially morally injurious events and related distress among the sample. The findings support the need for trauma-based assessments of moral emotional experiences within a forensic secure care context.Peer reviewe