Problèmes de traduction du vernaculaire noir américain : le cas de The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Problèmes de traduction du vernaculaire noir américain : le cas de The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn — Cet article propose une analyse du rôle dévolu au vernaculaire noir américain (VNA) par Mark Twain dans The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn et du traitement qui en a été fait par deux traducteurs français (Suzanne Nétillard, 1948/1973/1985, et André Bay, 1961/1990). L'auteure démontre que la transcription du VNA par Twain répond à deux « tendances esthético-cognitives divergentes » (Lane-Mercier). La première, « philologique », où Twain tente, sans vraiment y parvenir en raison de certains effets de clôture, de rendre compte du parler des personnes de race noire dans l'extratexte; la seconde, « artistique », où il cherche à subvertir, à travers sa représentation du VNA sur le plan scriptural, le discours socio-idéologique propre à sa société. En effet, le VNA assume plusieurs fonctions dans The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: sur le plan esthétique, il crée, au début du roman, un effet de comique; sur le plan social, il identifie le locuteur à son milieu; et sur le plan idéologique, il exprime la position de l'auteur sur l'esclavage et la ségrégation. Or, la tradition française du bien-écrire étant très présente à l'esprit des traducteurs, ces derniers ont plus ou moins pu recréer graphiquement en français un langage caractérisant la voix noire tel que Twain l'avait fait en anglais. Partant, si le VNA n'est pas représenté formellement, toute l'idéologie sous-jacente à sa présence est du même coup atténuée, si ce n'est complètement perdue.Problems in Translating Black English Vernacular: The Case of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn — This article aims to analyse both the role ascribed to Black English Vernacular (BEV) by Mark Twain in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and its treatment by two French translators (Suzanne Nétillard, 1948/1973/1985, and André Bay, 1961/1990). The author demonstrates that Twain's transcription of BEV corresponds to two "divergent esthetic/cognitive trends" (Lane-Mercier). On one hand, a "philological" one, by which Twain attempts — without actually succeeding, because of certain effects of closure — to account for the speech of Black persons in the extratext, and on the other, an "artistic" one, where he seeks, through his written representation of BEV, to subvert the socio-ideological discourse of his time. BEV indeed takes on a number of functions in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn', in esthetic terms, it creates a comic effect at the beginning of the novel; in social terms, it identifies the speaker with his or her milieu; and in ideological terms, it conveys the author's position with regard to slavery and segregation. Since the translators may have had the French tradition of "proper writing" in mind, they have been only roughly successful in graphically recreating, in French, a language that characterizes Black voice as Twain had done in English. Therefore, the author concludes, failing to formally represent BEV in a text causes the entire ideology underlying it to be diluted, if not lost completely

Étude du comportement rhéologique en digestion in vitro de systèmes modèles laitiers enrichis en fibres

Ce projet visait à mesurer l’effet de l’enrichissement en polysaccharides d’une matrice laitière sur son comportement rhéologique en digestion in vitro. Le comportement rhéologique de solutions de protéines laitières (3,9%), de gomme xanthane (0,7%), de gomme de caroube (0,7%) et de leurs mélanges, acidifiés par HCl sous agitation, a été suivi durant une digestion in vitro. Le comportement de solutions de poudre de lait écrémé (3,5 et 4% de protéines) enrichies des mêmes polysaccharides (0,7%) et fermentées a aussi été suivi en digestion in vitro. Le mode d’acidification affectait le comportement rhéologique des solutions contenant des protéines. La viscosité des solutions a diminué en cours de digestion, à l’exception des solutions contenant protéines et gomme xanthane dont la viscosité augmentait de l’étape gastrique à l’étape intestinale. L’ajout de polysaccharides à une matrice laitière permettrait donc de moduler sa viscosité lors de la digestion et pourrait ainsi procurer des bénéfices physiologiques.This project aims to measure the effect of enrichment in polysaccharides of a dairy matrix on its rheological behaviour when subjected to in vitro digestion. The rheological behaviour of solutions containing milk protein (3,9%), xanthan gum (0,7%), carob gum (0,7%) and their binary or ternary mixtures, acidified by HCl with stirring, was followed during in vitro digestion. The rheological behavior of solutions of skimmed milk powder (3,5% and 4% of protein) enriched or not with same polysaccharides (0,7%) and fermented has also been followed during in vitro digestion. The mode of acidification affected the rheological behavior of solutions containing proteins. The viscosity of the acidified and fermented solutions decreased throughout digestion, except for the protein solutions containing xanthan gum for which viscosity increased at the transition from gastric to intestinal stage. Integration of polysaccharides to a dairy matrix would, therefore, modulate its viscosity during digestion and could provide physiological benefits

Implementing Indigenous community control in health care: lessons from Canada

Copyright the Authors, Journal compilation copyright AHHA 2016. Published under a CC-BY-NC-ND licence: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en_US).Objective Over past decades, Australian and Canadian Indigenous primary healthcare policies have focused on supporting community controlled Indigenous health organisations. After more than 20 years of sustained effort, over 89% of eligible communities in Canada are currently engaged in the planning, management and provision of community controlled health services. In Australia, policy commitment to community control has also been in place for more than 25 years, but implementation has been complicated by unrealistic timelines, underdeveloped change management processes, inflexible funding agreements and distrust. This paper discusses the lessons from the Canadian experience to inform the continuing efforts to achieve the implementation of community control in Australia. Methods We reviewed Canadian policy and evaluation grey literature documents, and assessed lessons and recommendations for relevance to the Australian context. Results Our analysis yielded three broad lessons. First, implementing community control takes time. It took Canada 20 years to achieve 89% implementation. To succeed, Australia will need to make a firm long term commitment to this objective. Second, implementing community control is complex. Communities require adequate resources to support change management. And third, accountability frameworks must be tailored to the Indigenous primary health care context to be meaningful. Conclusions We conclude that although the Canadian experience is based on a different context, the processes and tools created to implement community control in Canada can help inform the Australian context. What is known about the topic? Although Australia has promoted Indigenous control over primary healthcare (PHC) services, implementation remains incomplete. Enduring barriers to the transfer of PHC services to community control have not been addressed in the largely sporadic attention to this challenge to date, despite significant recent efforts in some jurisdictions. What does this paper add? The Canadian experience indicates that transferring PHC from government to community ownership requires sustained commitment, adequate resourcing of the change process and the development of a meaningful accountability framework tailored to the sector. What are the implications for practitioners? Policy makers in Australia will need to attend to reform in contractual arrangements (towards pooled or bundled funding), adopt a long-term vision for transfer and find ways to harmonise the roles of federal and state governments. The arrangements achieved in some communities in the Australian Coordinated Care Trials (and still in place) provide a model

Improving The Effectiveness Of Human Resources Practices Through Transforming Care At The Bedside

In 2010, in an effort to increase patient involvement in decision-making about health care redesign, a Quebec university health care organization implemented the Transforming Care at the Bedside (TCAB). This article presents the results from a qualitative study exploring health professionals’ perceptions of TCAB and the effect on turnover and overtime. This descriptive, qualitative study utilized focus groups, individual interviews, and a review of administrative documents for data collection. Participants included hospital workers from five units implementing TCAB. The data generated by the interviews and focus groups were analyzed using NVivo with the method proposed by Miles and Huberman (1994). During the first year of implementation of TCAB, the team noted the importance of taking time to see the effects of the changes and thereby facilitate the involvement of other team members. A number of TCAB team members also cited communication as a facilitating element for informing team members of changes. According to the participants, the TCAB strategies that were implemented have had a positive impact on practice and on the work environment, and turnover showed an improvement. There was no change in absenteeism. TCAB has the potential to impact not only nurses’ work, but interprofessional team work as well, through changes that involve everyone. Future research should focus on how to support team members to reduce resistance to change and increase social support in order to implement and sustain changes.

Reciprocal accountability and fiduciary duty: Implications for indigenous health in Canada, New Zealand and Australia

Copyright remains with the AuthorsThere is growing interest among public servants, Indigenous organisations, and scholars in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand in the idea of shifting from dassical New Public Management accountability models to models that reflect mutual or reciprocal accountability as a means of delivering more effective and responsive health care to Indigenous communities. However, little progress has been made with respect to developing and implementing workable reciprocal accountability models. In this paper, we argue that a consideration of Indigenous perspectives on reciprocity and accountability is an essential, yet mainly overlooked, component of the development of effective and appropriate accountability models between Indigenous peoples and statebased funders. Indeed, many Indigenous peoples have long histories of engaging in reciprocity-based relationships with each other and their environments. Drawing from Indigenous knowledge in this regard offers novel insights that can inform how models of reciprocity are constructed and understood. More specifically, we argue that consideration of Indigenous perspectives on treaties and treaty-making as a way to interpret the substance of mutual roles and responsibilities enables a shift to models of reciprocal accountability that are based on the mutual building of long-term, trust-based relationships, while also providing a frame that emphasises the maintenance of the sovereignty of the entities that are party to such relationships

Public administration reform for Aboriginal affairs: an institutionalist analysis

Persistent underperformance of public policy and program implementation in Aboriginal affairs is widely recognised. We analysed the results of two case studies of attempted reforms in public administration of Aboriginal primary health care in the Northern Territory, using a framework based on the institutionalist and systemic racism literatures, with the aim of better understanding the sources of implementation failure. Implementation of the agreed reforms was unsuccessful. Contributing factors were as follows: strong recognition of the need for change was not sustained; the seeds of change, present in the form of alternative practices, were not built on; there was a notable absence of sustained political/bureaucratic authorisation; and, interacting with all of these, systemic racism had important consequences and implications. Our framework was useful for making sense of the results. It is clear that reforms in Aboriginal affairs will require government authorities to engage with organisations and communities. We conclude that there are four requirements for improved implementation success: clear recognition of the need for change in 'business as usual'; sustainable commitment and authorisation; the building of alternative structures and methods to enable effective power sharing (consistent with the requirements of parliamentary democracy); and addressing the impact of systemic racism on decision-making, relationships, and risk management

Indigenous Peoples’ Health Care: New approaches to contracting and accountability at the public administration frontier

© 2013 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis. This is an Open Access article. Non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way, is permitted. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted.This article analyses reforms to contracting and accountability for indigenous primary health care organizations in Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. The reforms are presented as comparative case studies, the common reform features identified and their implications analysed. The reforms share important characteristics. Each proceeds from implicit recognition that indigenous organizations are ‘co-principals’ rather than simply agents in their relationship with government funders and regulators. There is a common tendency towards more relational forms of contracting; and tentative attempts to reconceptualize accountability. These ‘frontier’ cases have broad implications for social service contracting

D’une recherche-action impliquant des actrices de changement en matière de littératie à la formation initiale en didactique du français : quelques retombées du projet LIBER

Dans le cadre d’une recherche-action impliquant une équipe interprofessionnelle d’actrices de changement en matière de littératie du Centre de services scolaire des Samares et de différentes universités québécoises (FRQSC, 2019-2022), nous accompagnons des enseignantes, des conseillères pédagogiques ainsi que des directrices d’école du préscolaire et du primaire afin de bonifier les pratiques d’évaluation et d’enseignement qui favorisent les interactions à l’oral dans des cercles de lecteurs d’œuvres littéraires. De manière intégrative, nous soutenons le développement des compétences en lecture, en écriture et en oral à partir de l’appréciation littéraire de lecteurs en formation au préscolaire et au primaire. Pour soutenir les actrices de changement en matière de littératie impliquées dans le projet nommé LIBER, nous organisons différentes formules de (co)développement (inter)professionnel qui, à partir de l’action didactique des professionnelles, nourrissent la recherche. Les retombées de cette itération entre action et recherche sont perceptibles dans les cours offerts dans des baccalauréats qui mènent au brevet d’enseignement. Dans cet article, nous présentons des résultats du projet LIBER et quelques-unes de ses retombées qui favorisent les interactions entre recherche et formation

Responding to health inequities: Indigenous health system innovations

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Over the past decades, Indigenous communities around the world have become more vocal and mobilized to address the health inequities they experience. Many Indigenous communities we work with in Canada, Australia, Latin America, the USA, New Zealand and to a lesser extent Scandinavia have developed their own culturally-informed services, focusing on the needs of their own community members. This paper discusses Indigenous healthcare innovations from an international perspective, and showcases Indigenous health system innovations that emerged in Canada (the First Nation Health Authority) and Colombia (Anas Wayúu). These case studies serve as examples of Indigenous-led innovations that might serve as models to other communities. The analysis we present suggests that when opportunities arise, Indigenous communities can and will mobilize to develop Indigenous-led primary healthcare services that are well managed and effective at addressing health inequities. Sustainable funding and supportive policy frameworks that are harmonized across international, national and local levels are required for these organizations to achieve their full potential. In conclusion, this paper demonstrates the value of supporting Indigenous health system innovations