Safety During a Disaster: A Comparison of Disaster Events

Disasters such as hurricanes disrupt the lives of everyone in their path. The preparation for and response during and after such an event can make all the difference for those involved. Past hurricanes need to be learned from, hurricanes such as Katrina and Hugo; lessons learned from events like these can be applied in future ones such as they were in Sandy and Gustav. This thesis reviews past research done concerning problems and themes of unsafe situations during hurricanes in urban centers, finding these themes and making suggestions to be used in the future to attempt to prevent future re-occurrences. By reviewing historical hurricanes in urban centers, responses to these events that have been seen as unsuccessful or misguided can be studied for lessons to learn can further be utilized

When Politics Trump Science: The Erosion of Science-Based Regulation

Science is science and facts are facts. My administration will ensure that there will be total [scientific] transparency and accountability without political bias.” That was the promise made in September 2016 by then-candidate Donald Trump when asked how he would protect federal scientists from political interference in their work. Since taking office, however, President Trump has led a concerted effort to undermine federal scientific research, particularly in areas where research findings contradict his own views or undermine the basis of his deregulatory agenda. That effort is documented in the Silencing Science Tracker, an online database that records anti-science actions taken by the federal government. Drawing on three-and-a-half years of tracker data, this Comment analyzesthe Trump Administration’s evolving war on science and shows how it is changing the way federal agencies perform, use, and communicate scientific research. We focus primarily on climate science, which has been the subject of particularly fierce attacks under President Trump, though he has also targeted other areas. His actions could have long-lasting consequences, damaging the role of science in regulation for years to come

When Politics Trump Science: The Erosion of Science-Based Regulation

"Science is science and facts are facts. My administration will ensure that there will be total [scientific] transparency and accountability without political bias.” That was the promise made in September 2016 by then-candidate Donald Trump when asked how he would protect federal scientists from political interference in their work. Since taking office, however, President Trump has led a concerted effort to undermine federal scientific research, particularly in areas where research findings contradict his own views or undermine the basis of his deregulatory agenda. That effort is documented in the Silencing Science Tracker, an online database that records anti-science actions taken by the federal government. Drawing on three-and-a-half years of tracker data, this Comment analyzes the Trump Administration’s evolving war on science and shows how it is changing the way federal agencies perform, use, and communicate scientific research. We focus primarily on climate science, which has been the subject of particularly fierce attacks under President Trump, though he has also targeted other areas. His actions could have long-lasting consequences, damaging the role of science in regulation for years to come

Phosphine Functionalization of GaAs(111)A Surfaces

Phosphorus-functionalized GaAs surfaces have been prepared by exposure of Cl-terminated GaAs(111)A surfaces to triethylphosphine (PEt3) or trichlorophosphine (PCl3), or by the direct functionalization of the native-oxide terminated GaAs(111)A surface with PCl3. The presence of phosphorus on each functionalized surface was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. High-resolution, soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to evaluate the As and Ga 3d regions of such surfaces. On PEt3 treated surfaces, the Ga 3d spectra exhibited a bulk Ga peak as well as peaks that were shifted to 0.35, 0.92 and 1.86 eV higher binding energy. These peaks were assigned to residual Cl-terminated Ga surface sites, surficial Ga2O and surficial Ga2O3, respectively. For PCl3-treated surfaces, the Ga 3d spectra displayed peaks ascribable to bulk Ga(As), Ga2O, and Ga2O3, as well as a peak shifted 0.30 eV to higher binding energy relative to the bulk signal. A peak corresponding to Ga(OH)3, observed on the Cl-terminated surface, was absent from all of the phosphine-functionalized surfaces. After reaction of the Cl-terminated GaAs(111)A surface with PCl3 or PEt3, the As 3d spectral region was free of As oxides and As0. Although native oxide-terminated GaAs surfaces were free of As oxides after reaction with PCl3, such surfaces contained detectable amounts of As0. Photoluminescence measurements indicted that phosphine-functionalized surfaces prepared from Cl-terminated GaAs(111)A surfaces had better electrical properties than the native-oxide capped GaAs(111)A surface, while the native-oxide covered surface treated with PCl3 showed no enhancement in PL intensity

Differential activation of dendritic cell subsets by Schistosoma mansoni

Dendritic cells (DCs) play an essential role in bridging the innate and adaptive immune system, activating T cell responses against invading pathogens. It has been shown definitively that DCs fulfil the vital role of activating Th2 responses in the liver and spleen during infection with the parasitic helminth Schistosoma mansoni. However, DCs are an incredibly heterogeneous cell type, with diverse subsets displaying different phenotypes and functions in specific tissues in the body. Moreover, relatively little is known about how DCs become activated and stimulate T cells in response to Th2-associated parasitic helminths. This thesis addresses how distinct DC subsets function in response to schistosomes, both in vitro and in vivo. The primary DC differentiation factor, Flt3-L, generates DC subsets in vitro that are analogous to the subsets resident in the lymphoid organs in the steady-state: CD24+ conventional DCs (cDCs, CD8α+ equivalents), CD11b+ cDCs and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). These different DC subsets displayed distinct responses to the strongly Th2- polarising soluble egg antigens (SEA) from S. mansoni. pDCs are unlikely to play a role in priming the Th2 response against SEA, although pDCs upregulated surface expression of MHC II and co-stimulatory molecules, these markers were expressed only at very low-levels, and pDCs failed to migrate to the draining lymph node (dLN) following adoptive transfer. In contrast, cDCs migrated efficiently to the T cell zone of the dLN. CD11b+ and CD24+ cDCs also significantly upregulated expression of the surface markers associated with T cell priming in response to SEA, however, this was a muted surface phenotype when compared to the classical activation elicited by a bacterial stimulus. The DC subsets produced very little cytokine in response to SEA stimulation, with the exception of Type I Interferons (IFN-I), which were uniquely secreted by CD24+ cDCs. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor proteins, TRIF and MyD88, were revealed to have contrasting roles in the control of SEA-specific IFN-I production. TRIF was essential for this response, whilst MyD88 acted as a negative regulator. TLRs are not the only receptors involved in this response however, as the C-type lectin CD205 was also required for optimal IFN-I production by SEA-stimulated cells. IFN-I proved critical to the ability of Flt3L-generated cDCs (FL-cDCs) to polarise responses following adoptive transfer, as IFN-I receptor-deficient (Ifnar1-/-) cells failed to prime an SEA-specific Th2 response in the dLN. Ifnar1-/- cells were almost completely unresponsive to SEA stimulation, failing to upregulate co-stimulatory molecules on their surface or to produce IFN-I. However Ifnar1-/- FL-cDCs displayed no deficiency in their ability to initiate T cell proliferation or IL-4-dependent Th2 polarisation in vitro. As T cell priming was abrogated in vivo only, this suggests that optimal cDC migration may be abrogated in the absence of the IFN-I receptor, although this is yet to be demonstrated definitively. The importance of IFN-I responsiveness for optimal Th2 induction during helminth infection was also assessed. Th2 responses were normal in the liver of S. mansoni Ifnar1-/- mice; however, IL-4 and IL-13 levels in the mesenteric LN (MLN) were drastically reduced. It was found that Th2 induction in the MLN was also ablated in mice infected with the gastrointestinal helminth Heligomosoides polygyrus. This suggests that there is a selective dependency on IFN-I for the activation of Th2 responses in lymphoid organs. The small intestine and the MLN provided an ideal site for further investigation of the development of the schistosome-specific immune response in peipheral tissues versus the draining lymph nodes, as this site is directly affected by parasite egg traffic during S. mansoni infection. The intestine is a unique immune environment – with a propensity towards regulation and tolerance, and a large population of innate effectors. Intestinal DCs depend on Flt3-L for their generation; however, the importance of DCs resident in the intestinal lamina propria (LP) for the initiation of Th2 inflammation in response to helminths is not yet known. Characterisation of LP DCs indicated that the activation of these cells is modulated during acute S. mansoni infection, whilst a novel model of schistosome egg deposition in the intestinal tissue illustrated that CD11c+ cells are essential for induction of the egg-specific Th2 response in both the LP and MLN following egg challenge. These data demonstrate the importance of IFN-I signalling for the development of helminth-specific immune responses, highlighting for the first time a role for this pluripotent innate effector in Th2 induction. Development of an egg challenge model in the intestine also provides an ideal setting with which to further explore the importance of IFN-I for Th2 polarisation in peripheral tissues and lymphoid organs

Addressing ALS Caregiver Needs: An Occupation-Based Caregiver Education Program

This program adds a new component to the Les Turner ALS Foundation’s already established online educational programs. The foundation had a program for people living with ALS but did not have a program for caregivers prior to this project. A needs assessment was completed to determine caregiver needs and materials for caregivers were developed based on the needs found. The materials developed were implemented with ten caregivers to determine effectiveness and outcomes before launching the program to the general public.https://soar.usa.edu/otdcapstones-spring2022/1004/thumbnail.jp

Comparative development and evolution of two lateral line phenotypes in Lake Malawi cichlids

A comparison of the pattern and timing of development of cranial lateral line canals and canal neuromasts in three species of Lake Malawi cichlids, Labeotropheus fuelleborni and Metriaclima zebra (narrow lateral line canals), and Aulonocara baenschi (widened lateral line canals) was used to test the hypothesis that the evolution of widened canals (thought to be an adaptive phenotype in the lateral line system) from narrow canals is the result of heterochrony. Using histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy, this study has provided the first detailed and quantitative description of the development of widened lateral line canals in a teleost, and has demonstrated that: 1) canal neuromast number and the pattern of canal morphogenesis are conserved among species with different adult canal phenotypes, 2) heterochrony (“dissociated heterochrony” in particular) can explain the evolution of widened canals and variation in morphology between canals within a species with respect to canal diameter and neuromast size, and 3) the morphology of the lateral line canals and the dermal bones in which they are found (e.g., the mandibular canal the dentary and anguloarticular bones of the mandible) can evolve independently of each other, thus requiring the addition of another level of complexity to discussions of modularity and integration in the skull of bony fishe

Impacts of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Measures of Body Composition

Fluctuations in body weight and water retention are common complaints made by many women as a result of hormonal changes that accompany menstrual cycle (MC). Specific research regarding how the different phases of the menstrual cycle may impact body composition measures have been limited, and typically are examined as a subset of other variables. As lean body tissue is approximately 73% water, fluctuations in body water due to changes in a women’s MC may influence measurements of body composition. PURPOSE: To investigate whether phases of the MC have an impact on common measures of body composition. METHODS: A total of 51 females between the ages of 18 and 45 years participated in a total of four data collection sessions. Participants reported to the exercise physiology lab once a week, at the same time of day, seven days apart, for a total of four weeks. Each week, participants self-reported the presence or absence of menses during that week, including starting or ending days. Participants completed three body composition assessments: bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), air displacement plethysmography (ADP), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Physical activity patterns for the previous week were also self-reported weekly. RESULTS: RMANOVAs revealed no differences in physical activity levels between sessions for participants and that total body water amounts in participants did not change across time when measured via BIA. A 3 (device) x 4 (MC phase) RMANOVA demonstrated no significant device by phase interaction effects, nor were changes in body weight, body fat percentage, or lean body mass seen across time. However, significant differences in lean body mass measures (p = .001) between DXA and BIA (x̄ difference = 1.62 ± 0.4 kg) and DXA and ADP (x̄ difference = 1.74 ± 0.36 kg) measures were seen. CONCLUSION: Although there were no changes in body composition across the MC phases, there were differences in body composition values among the three types of devices used to quantifying body composition. These findings suggest that differences in the technology used to quantify body composition may explain varying results across studies

Safety and efficacy of intravenous infusion of allogeneic cryopreserved mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of chronic kidney disease in cats: results of three sequential pilot studies

INTRODUCTION: Administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been shown to improve renal function in rodent models of chronic kidney disease (CKD), in part by reducing intrarenal inflammation and suppressing fibrosis. CKD in cats is characterized by tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis, and thus treatment with MSCs might improve renal function and urinary markers of inflammation in this disease. Therefore, a series of pilot studies was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of intravenous administration of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs (aMSCs) in cats with naturally occurring CKD. METHODS: Cats enrolled in these studies received an intravenous infusion of allogeneic aMSCs every 2 weeks collected from healthy, young, specific pathogen-free cats. Cats in pilot study 1 (six cats) received 2 × 10(6) cryopreserved aMSCs per infusion, cats in pilot study 2 (five cats) received 4 × 10(6) cryopreserved aMSCs per infusion, and cats in pilot study 3 (five cats) received 4 × 10(6) aMSCs cultured from cryopreserved adipose. Serum biochemistry, complete blood count, urinalysis, urine protein, glomerular filtration rate, and urinary cytokine concentrations were monitored during the treatment period. Changes in clinical parameters were compared statistically by means of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s correction. RESULTS: Cats in pilot study 1 had few adverse effects from the aMSC infusions and there was a statistically significant decrease in serum creatinine concentrations during the study period, however the degree of decrease seems unlikely to be clinically relevant. Adverse effects of the aMSC infusion in cats in pilot study 2 included vomiting (2/5 cats) during infusion and increased respiratory rate and effort (4/5 cats). Cats in pilot study 3 did not experience any adverse side effects. Serum creatinine concentrations and glomerular filtration rates did not change significantly in cats in pilot studies 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of cryopreserved aMSCs was associated with significant adverse effects and no discernible clinically relevant improvement in renal functional parameters. Administration of aMSCs cultured from cryopreserved adipose was not associated with adverse effects, but was also not associated with improvement in renal functional parameters