Políticas de saúde em conflito: seguro contra os sistemas públicos universais

Este ensaio analisa o conteúdo e os resultados das reformas da saúde em curso na América Latina: a da Cobertura Universal de Saúde com Seguro Saúde e a dos Sistemas Universais de Saúde Pública. Seu objetivo é comparar e contrastar a estrutura conceitual e prática de cada uma e verificar seus resultados concretos no que diz respeito à garantia do direito à saúde e do acesso aos serviços necessários. Identifica uma relação direta entre o modelo de desenvolvimento e o tipo de reforma. O modelo neoclássico-neoliberal conseguiu transformar a saúde em um campo de lucros privados, mas não foi capaz de garantir o direito à saúde e de acesso aos serviços, o que causou descrédito aos governos. A reforma dos governos progressistas conseguiu expandir o acesso aos serviços e garantir o direito à saúde, mas enfrenta dificuldades e tensões relacionadas à permanência de um poderoso complexo industrial-seguro médico privado e persistência da ideologia "medicalizada" sobre "a boa medicina". Com base nestas descobertas algumas estratégias são propostas para fortalecer os sistemas únicos, públicos e solidários de Saúde.Este ensayo hace un análisis del contenido y los resultados de las reformas de salud en marcha en América Latina: la de la Cobertura Universal de Salud con seguros de salud y la de los Sistemas Universales y Públicos de Salud. Su objetivo es comparar y contrastar el marco conceptual y la práctica de cada una y verificar sus resultados concretos respecto a la garantía del derecho a la salud y el acceso a los servicios requeridos. Identifica una relación directa entre el modelo de desarrollo y el tipo de reforma. La neoclásica-neoliberal ha tenido éxito en convertir la salud en un ámbito de ganancias privadas pero ha fracasado en garantizar el derecho a la salud y el acceso a los servicios, lo que ha deslegitimado a los gobiernos. La reforma de los gobiernos progresistas ha tenido éxito en ampliar el acceso a los servicios y garantizar el derecho a la salud pero enfrenta dificultades y tensiones relacionadas con la permanencia de un poderoso complejo médico industrial-asegurador privado y la persistencia de la ideología medicalizada sobre la 'buena medicina'. En función de estos hallazgos se proponen algunas estrategias para fortalecer los sistemas únicos, públicos y solidarios de salud.Descriptores: Enfermería; Masaje; Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2; Extremidad Inferior.Objectives: This article analyzes the content and outcome of ongoing health reforms in Latin America: Universal Health Coverage with Health Insurance, and the Universal and Public Health Systems. It aims to compare and contrast the conceptual framework and practice of each and verify their concrete results regarding the guarantee of the right to health and access to required services. It identifies a direct relationship between the development model and the type of reform. The neoclassical-neoliberal model has succeeded in converting health into a field of privatized profits, but has failed to guarantee the right to health and access to services, which has discredited the governments. The reform of the progressive governments has succeeded in expanding access to services and ensuring the right to health, but faces difficulties and tensions related to the permanence of a powerful, private, industrial-insurance medical complex and persistence of the ideologies about medicalized 'good medicine'. Based on these findings, some strategies to strengthen unique and supportive public health systems are proposed

Health reforms in Latin America: processes and results

Two types of health reforms in Latin America are analysed: one based on insurance and service commodification and the one referred to the unified public systems of progressive governments. Health insurance with explicit service packages has not fulfilled their purposes of universal coverage, equal access to necessary health services and improvement of health conditions but has opened health as a field of profit making for insurance companies and private health providers. The national health services as a state obligation have developed territorialized health services and widened substantially timely access to the majority of the population. The adoption of an integrated and wide social policy has an impact on population well fare. It faces some problems derived from the old health systems and the power of the insurance and medical complex

Competing health policies: insurance against universal public systems

Objectives: This article analyzes the content and outcome of ongoing health reforms in Latin America: Universal Health Coverage with Health Insurance, and the Universal and Public Health Systems. It aims to compare and contrast the conceptual framework and practice of each and verify their concrete results regarding the guarantee of the right to health and access to required services. It identifies a direct relationship between the development model and the type of reform. The neoclassical-neoliberal model has succeeded in converting health into a field of privatized profits, but has failed to guarantee the right to health and access to services, which has discredited the governments. The reform of the progressive governments has succeeded in expanding access to services and ensuring the right to health, but faces difficulties and tensions related to the permanence of a powerful, private, industrial-insurance medical complex and persistence of the ideologies about medicalized 'good medicine'. Based on these findings, some strategies to strengthen unique and supportive public health systems are proposed

La Segunda Reforma de Salud. Aseguramiento y compra-venta de servicios

Health insurance is proposed by several Latin American governments to reach universal health coverage. This is a part of the Second Social Reform. Chile, Colombia and Mexico, that have different models and times of implantation, are analyzed to know the results of health insurance implementation. The three examples are examined to know if they have reached their objectives.Health insurance has not reached universal population coverage and the medical coverage is limited. Unequal access still persists and tends to a new pattern of inclusionexclusion. The split between funds administration and service provision has led to the commodification of both and has created new economic actors with access to public health funds. The administration of these funds is increasingly complex and expensive. Despite the increase in public health expenditure costs exceed resources. The dominant logic of health insurance is economic and not the satisfaction of health needs.El aseguramiento en salud es la propuesta de varios gobiernos latinoamericanos para lograr la cobertura universal en salud. Surge a raíz de la Segunda Reforma Social. Para conocer los resultados de los seguros de salud se analizan Chile, Colombia y México que tienen distintas formas y diversos tiempos de implantación. Se examinan los mismos aspectos para conocer si los seguros han cumplido sus objetivos.Los seguros no han alcanzado cobertura universal poblacional y la cobertura médica está limitada. Persiste el acceso inequitativo y se tiende a una nueva pauta de inclusión-exclusión. La separación entre administración de fondos y prestación de servicios ha llevado a la mercantilización y ha creado nuevos actores económicos en el sector con acceso a los fondos públicos de salud. La administración de estos fondos tiene una creciente complejidad y aumento de los costos y pese a los incrementos en el presupuesto público de salud los costos sobrepasan los recursos. La lógica dominante del seguro es la económica y no la de satisfacción de necesidades de salud

Workloads and strain process in Community Health Agents

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify the workloads present in the work activities of community health agents (CHAs) and the resulting strain processes. METHOD A descriptive, exploratory, cross-sectional and quantitative study conducted with 137 CHAs. Data were collected through a questionnaire and interview guided by the health surveillance software called SIMOSTE (Health Monitoring System of Nursing Workers), following the ethical codes of the current law. RESULTS In total, were identified 140 workloads involved in 122 strain processes, represented by the occurrence of health problems of the CHAs. The mechanical (55.00%) and biological (16.43%) loads stood out. The most common strain processes were the external causes of morbidity and mortality (62.31%) and diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (10.66%). CONCLUSION From the identified overloads, it became evident that all workloads are present in the work process of CHAs, highlighting the mechanical load, represented mainly by external causes of morbidity and mortality that are related to occupational accidents

Representações cotidianas: uma proposta de apreensão de valores sociais na vertente marxista de produção do conhecimento

Propõe-se um arcabouço teórico-metodológico, na vertente marxista de construção do conhecimento, para compreensão de valores sociais pela captação de representações cotidianas. Pressupõe-se que a investigação científica congrega diferentes instâncias: epistemológica, teórica e metodológica, que coerentemente às demais instâncias propõem um conjunto de procedimentos e técnicas operacionais de apreensão e análise da realidade em estudo, expondo o objeto investigado. O estudo de valores revela a essencialidade da formação de juízos e escolhas; há valores que refletem a ideologia dominante, perpassando todas as classes sociais, mas também há valores que refletem os interesses de classe, esses não são universais, são constituídos nas relações e atividades sociais. Fundamentando-se na teoria marxista da consciência, as representações cotidianas constituem formulações discursivas, opinativas ou de convicção, emitidas por sujeitos sobre sua realidade, mostrando-se coerente forma de compreensão e exposição de valores sociais: grupos focais mostram-se apropriados para apreender opiniões enquanto entrevistas demonstram potencialidades para expor convicções