Photographs, X-ray and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) of maxilla and mandible from sampled subjects.

<p>(Subject 213) a: maxillary septal region showing sharp, ragged aspect on both sides of tooth 14; b: deformation of the mandibular cortical bone on the right part of the horizontal branch; c: inner part of the mandibular right horizontal branch showing a fistula aperture (indicated by a white arrow); d: CBCT examination differentiating the fistula’s pathway and the inferior alveolar nerve pathway. (Subject 306) a: maxillary teeth presenting significant deposits of dental calculus; b: disorganized and riddled posterior mandibular septal morphology and destruction of the crown part of tooth 45; c: X-ray view of a granuloma on the apical part of tooth 45 (indicated by a white arrow). (Subject 308) a; c and d: sound teeth, maxillary and mandibular bones (dental calculus presents on lingual tables of teeth 31 ad 41; b: focus on important dental wear on teeth 14; 15 and 16. (Subject 309) a: groove decay on the occlusal tables of maxillary teeth 16 and 17 (indicated by black arrows); b: vestibular fenestration of the maxilla in front of the root apex of tooth 14; c: radiologically visible periapical cyst on the apex of tooth 14 (indicated by a white arrow); d: decay on the distal table of tooth 34; e: decay on the mesial table of tooth 46. (Subject 403) a and c: no teeth on the mandibular arch (except tooth 43 which was sampled for analysis); b: closer view of tooth 43 showing a small patch of distal decay. (Subject 406) a: external view of the left horizontal mandibular branch supporting teeth 35 and 36; b: retroalveolar X-ray image highlighting decay on distal table of tooth 35 and mesial table of tooth 36; c: occlusal view of teeth 35 and 36 revealing dental coloration due to the decay process between the two teeth. Pictures realized and assembled by C. Willmann.</p

DNA damage patterns for teeth of subjects 213 and 306.

<p>The frequencies of all possible mismatches observed between the human nuclear genome (hg19), the <i>P</i>. <i>gingivalis</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>mutans</i> chromosomes and their mapped reads, respectively, are reported in gray according to the distance from 5’ end (left panel, first 25 nucleotides sequenced) and distance to 3’end (right panel, last 25 nucleotides sequenced). The typical DNA damage mutations C>T (5’) and G>A (3’) are reported in the dotted and solid lines, respectively.</p

Graphical representation of 11 dental pathogens per tooth sample highlighting specific bacterial composition.

<p>Graphical representation was realized with GraphPad Prism v.7 (GraphPad; La Jolla, CA).</p

Absolute frequency of NRY haplogroups in the Antemoro.

<p>The maximum parsimony phylogeny relating the NRY haplogroups is label with markers that define them.</p

Median-Joining network computed from Y-STR minimal haplotypes (DYS19, DYS389i, DYS389ii, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393) in the Antemoro and populations from various geographic regions belonging to haplogroup T.

<p>Circles are haplotypes. Size of these circle are proportional to haplotype frequency and branch lengths are proportional to number of differences between haplotypes.</p

Repartition of the ethnic groups for which genetic data are available and that have been used in this study.

<p>1 : Merina [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0080932#B5" target="_blank">5</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0080932#B6" target="_blank">6</a>]; 2. Sihanaka; 3. Bezanozano; 4. Betsileo [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0080932#B5" target="_blank">5</a>]; 5. Vezo; 6. Mikea [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0080932#B7" target="_blank">7</a>]; 7. Antandroy; 8. Antanosy; 9. Antaisaka [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0080932#B6" target="_blank">6</a>]; 10. Antemoro (this study). Populations from 1 to 4 were grouped in Highlands population.</p

Identification of the remains of King Richard III

In 2012, a skeleton was excavated at the presumed site of the Grey Friars friary in Leicester, the last-known resting place of King Richard III. Archaeological, osteological and radiocarbon dating data were consistent with these being his remains. Here we report DNA analyses of both the skeletal remains and living relatives of Richard III. We find a perfect mitochondrial DNA match between the sequence obtained from the remains and one living relative, and a single-base substitution when compared with a second relative. Y-chromosome haplotypes from male-line relatives and the remains do not match, which could be attributed to a false-paternity event occurring in any of the intervening generations. DNA-predicted hair and eye colour are consistent with Richard's appearance in an early portrait. We calculate likelihood ratios for the non-genetic and genetic data separately, and combined, and conclude that the evidence for the remains being those of Richard III is overwhelming

Identification of the remains of King Richard III

In 2012, a skeleton was excavated at the presumed site of the Grey Friars friary in Leicester, the last-known resting place of King Richard III. Archaeological, osteological and radiocarbon dating data were consistent with these being his remains. Here we report DNA analyses of both the skeletal remains and living relatives of Richard III. We find a perfect mitochondrial DNA match between the sequence obtained from the remains and one living relative, and a single-base substitution when compared with a second relative. Y-chromosome haplotypes from male-line relatives and the remains do not match, which could be attributed to a false-paternity event occurring in any of the intervening generations. DNA-predicted hair and eye colour are consistent with Richard’s appearance in an early portrait. We calculate likelihood ratios for the non-genetic and genetic data separately, and combined, and conclude that the evidence for the remains being those of Richard III is overwhelming