Reference document on the histories of minoritisation in Austria, Hungary, Netherlands, Portugal, Turkey and the United Kingdom

This Working Paper was written within the framework of Work Package 5 (justice as lived experience) for Deliverable 5.2 (comparative report on institutionalised political justice and experienced (mis)recognition).The material contained in this document comes from ETHOS WP5 on justice as lived experience, and more specifically from the work conducted for Deliverable 5.2 on institutionalised political justice and (mis)recognition. For this joint publication, research teams were asked to draft national case studies detailing state attempts to respond to minority claims for political recognition and justice, and the context for these responses given the national history of state formation and bordering. For each national case study researchers wrote a history of minoritization in their respective countries, its relation to state formation and to how states institutionalised claims for political justice. The material produced for this historical context was extremely rich and an important context for other ETHOS workpackages as well as a resource for other researchers interested in the historical roots of minoritisation in the UK, Turkey, Portugal, Netherlands and Austria. To keep the national case studies conducted as part of the D5.2 work focussed and retain this important material, WP5 co-ordinators requested that national teams present directly Roma relevant material only for their case study, and edited the additional material to produce this reference document. We do not attempt to make a particular theoretical point and have not developed an overarching narrative for this case study material. Nevertheless, it provides useful background information for the analysis of inclusion/exclusion processes in selected European countrie

History vs. legend: Retracing invasion and spread of <i>Oxalis pes-caprae</i> L. in Europe and the Mediterranean area

<div><p><i>Oxalis pes-caprae</i> L. is a South African geophyte that behaves as an invasive in the eurimediterranean area. According to a long-established hypothesis, <i>O</i>. <i>pes-caprae</i> may have invaded Europe and the Mediterranean area starting from a single plant introduced in the Botanical Garden of Malta at the beginning of the 19^th century. The aim of this work was to test this hypothesis, to track the arrival of <i>O</i>. <i>pes-caprae</i> in different countries of the Euro-Mediterranean area and to understand the pathways of spreading and particularly its starting point(s). Historical data attesting the presence of the plant in the whole Euro-Mediterranean region were collected from different sources: herbarium specimens, Floras and other botanical papers, plant lists of gardens, catalogs of plant nurseries and plant dealers. First records of the plant (both cultivated and wild) for each Territorial Unit (3rd level of NUTS) were selected and used to draw up a diachronic map and an animated graphic. Both documents clearly show that oldest records are scattered throughout the whole area, proving that the plant arrived in Europe and in the Mediterranean region more times independently and that its spreading started in different times from several different centers of invasion. Botanical gardens and other public or private gardens, nurseries and plant dealers, and above all seaside towns and harbors seemingly played a strategic role as a source of either intentional and unintentional introduction or spread. A geographic profiling analysis was performed to analyse the data. We used also techniques (Silhouette, Kmeans and Voronoi tessellation) capable of verifying the presence of more than one independent clusters of data on the basis of their geographical distribution. Microsatellites were employed for a preliminary analysis of genetic variation in the Mediterranean. Even if the sampling was insufficient, particularly among the populations of the original area, our data supported three main groups of populations, one of them corresponding to the central group of populations identified by GP analysis, and the other two corresponding, respectively, to the western and the eastern cluster of data. The most probable areas of origin of the invasion in the three clusters of observations are characterized by the presence of localities where the invasive plant was cultivated, with the exception of the Iberian cluster of observation where the observations in the field predate the data about known cultivation localities. Alternative possible reasons are also suggested, to explain the current prevalence of pentaploid short-styled plants in the Euro-Mediterranean area.</p></div

Études d'après nature. 1605 : [photographie] / J. V. de Villeneuve

<p>Two clusters were the most probable solution after the Silhouette criterion. The arrows show the most probable spread origin for the first cluster (left arrow) and for the second one (central arrows), this last compatible with the hypothesized origin from Malta. In red the areas of highest probability of the spread origin.</p

<i>O</i>. <i>pes-caprae</i> in the Euro-Mediterranean area until 1880.

<p>More stations in the wild are known, but always limitedly to south mediterranean.</p

Arrival and spread of <i>Oxalis pes-caprae</i> L.

<p>General diachronic map of the presence of <i>O</i>. <i>pes-caprae</i> in the Euro-Mediterranean area (black stars: records of cultivated plants). The legends indicate the correspondence of the different colors of the circles on the map (the observation) with the first year of the record for a given population.</p

Point of known presence of <i>O</i>. <i>pes-caprae</i> in the Euro-Mediterranean area until 1840.

<p>Indications of the plant in the wild are known in south mediterranean.</p

Kmeans and geographic profiling analysis results on the data until 2010.

<p>Three clusters were the most probable solution after the Silhouette criterion. The arrows show the most probable spread origin for the clusters, confirming the hypothesis obtained with data until 1880. In red the areas of highest probability of the spread origin. Legend as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190237#pone.0190237.g005" target="_blank">Fig 5</a>.</p

Distribution of the five haplotypes (chloroplast) in the sampled populations.

<p>Distribution of the five haplotypes (chloroplast) in the sampled populations.</p