Passive Verification of the Strategyproofness of Mechanisms in Open Environments

Consider an open infrastructure in which anyone can deploy mechanisms to support automated decision making and coordination amongst self-interested computational agents. Strategyproofness is a central property in the design of such mechanisms, allowing participants to maximize their individual benefit by reporting truthful private information about preferences and capabilities and without modeling or reasoning about the behavior of other agents. But, why should participants trust that a mechanism is strategyproof? We address this problem, proposing and describing a passive verifier, able to monitor the inputs and outputs of mechanisms and verify the strategyproofness, or not, of a mechanism. Useful guarantees are available to participants before the behavior of the mechanism is completely known, and metrics are introduced to provide a measure of partial verification. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.Engineering and Applied Science

A Decentralized Auction Framework to Promote Efficient Resource Allocation in Open Computational Grids

Computational grids enable the sharing, aggregation, and selection of (geographically distributed) computational resources and can be used for solving large scale and data intensive computing applications. Computational grids are an appealing target application for market-based resource allocation especially given the attention in recent years to “virtual organizations ” and policy requirements. In this paper, we present a framework for truthful, decentralized, dynamic auctions in computational grids. Rather than a fullyspecified auction, we propose an open, extensible framework that is sufficient to promote simple, truthful bidding by endusers while supporting distributed and autonomous control by resource owners. Our auction framework incorporates resource prediction in enabling an expressive language for end-users, and highlights the role of infrastructure in enforcing rules that balance the goal of simplicity for end users with autonomy for resource owners. The technical analysis leverages simplifying assumptions of “uniform failure” and “threshold-reliability” beliefs.Engineering and Applied Science

Re-wiring the brain: Increased functional connectivity within primary somatosensory cortex following synchronous co-activation

AbstractThe primary somatosensory cortex shows precise topographical organisation, but can be quickly modified by alterations to sensory inputs. Temporally correlated sensory inputs to the digits can result in the merging of digit representations on the cortical surface. Underlying mechanisms driving these changes are unclear but the strengthening of intra-cortical synaptic connections via Hebbian mechanisms has been suggested. We use fMRI measures of temporal coherence to infer alterations in the relative strength of neuronal connections between digit regions 2 and 4 following 3hours of synchronous and asynchronous co-activation. Following synchronous co-activation we find a 20% increase in temporal coherence of the fMRI signal (p=0.0004). No significant change is seen following asynchronous co-activation suggesting that temporal coincidence between the two digit inputs during co-activation is driving this coherence change. In line with previous work we also find a trend towards reduced separation of the digit representations following synchronous co-activation and significantly increased separation for the asynchronous case. Increased coherence is significantly correlated with reduced digit separation for the synchronous case. This study shows that passive synchronous stimulation to the digits strengthens the underlying cortical connections between the digit regions in only a few hours, and that this mechanism may be related to topographical re-organisation

Predicting human intestinal absorption in the presence of bile salt with micellar liquid chromatography

Understanding intestinal absorption for pharmaceutical compounds is vital to estimate bioavailability and therefore the in vivo potential of a drug. This study considers the application of micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) to predict passive intestinal absorption with a selection of model compounds. MLC is already known to aid prediction of absorption using simple surfactant systems however, with this study the focus was on the presence of a more complex, bile salt surfactant, as would be encountered in the in vivo environment. As a result, MLC using a specific bile salt has been confirmed as an ideal in vitro system to predict the intestinal permeability for a wide range of drugs, through the development of a quantitative partition-absorption relationship. MLC offers many benefits including environmental, economic, time-saving and ethical advantages compared with the traditional techniques employed to obtain passive intestinal absorption values

Structural and physiological neurovascular changes in idiopathic Parkinson's disease and its clinical phenotypes

Neurovascular changes are likely to interact importantly with the neurodegenerative process in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). Markers of neurovascular status (NVS) include white matter lesion (WML) burden and arterial spin labelling (ASL) measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and arterial arrival time (AAT). We investigated NVS in IPD, including an analysis of IPD clinical phenotypes, by comparison with two control groups, one with a history of clinical cerebrovascular disease (CVD) (control positive, CP) and one without CVD (control negative, CN). Fifty-one patients with IPD (mean age 69.0 ± 7.7 years) (21 tremor dominant (TD), 24 postural instability and gait disorder (PIGD) and six intermediates), 18 CP (mean age 70.1 ± 8.0 years) and 34 CN subjects (mean age 67.4 ± 7.6 years) completed a 3T MRI scan protocol including T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and ASL. IPD patients showed diffuse regions of significantly prolonged AAT, small regions of lower CBF and greater WML burden by comparison with CN subjects. TD patients showed lower WML volume by comparison with PIGD patients. These imaging data thus show altered NVS in IPD, with some evidence for IPD phenotype-specific differences

Seizures in the context of occult cerebrovascular disease

There is an important bidirectional relationship between seizures and cerebrovascular disease (CVD). Aside from poststroke epilepsy, Occult CVD is an important cause of late-onset seizures (LOS) and late-onset epilepsy (LOE). Late-onset seizures/LOE are associated with a threefold increased risk of subsequent clinical stroke. This relationship exists not only in later life, but with ‘late-onset’ seizures or epilepsy occurring from the fourth decade of life onwards. There is increasing evidence for the importance of hypertension and cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) in epileptogenesis, but there is a considerable need for further work to elucidate underlying mechanisms. There may be a disproportionately increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) after LOS/LOE; this too requires further study. There is also a bidirectional relationship between LOS/LOE and cognitive impairment/dementia: it is likely that there are important interactions between vascular and neurodegenerative pathological processes mediating LOE, stroke, and dementia. There is a pressing need for better epidemiological and natural history data as well as elucidation of epileptogenic mechanisms, in order to progress our understanding and to better inform clinical practice

Passive verification of the strategyproofness of mechanisms in open environments

(Article begins on next page) The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Kang, Laura, and David C Parkes. 2006. Passive verification of the strategyproofness of mechanisms in open environments. I

Prediction of human intestinal absorption using micellar liquid chromatography with an aminopropyl stationary phase

The extent of human intestinal absorption (HIA) for a drug is considered to be an important pharmacokinetic parameter which must be determined for orally administered drugs. Traditional experimental methods relied upon animal testing and are renowned for being time consuming, expensive as well as being ethically unfavourable. As a result, developing alternative methods to evaluate a drug's pharmacokinetics is crucial. Micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) is considered to be one of these methods that can replace the use of animals in prediction of HIA. In this study, the combination of an aminopropyl column with the biosurfactant sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) bile salt were used in the experimental determination of micelle-water partition coefficients (log Pmw) for a group of compounds. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was then used for the prediction of HIA using the experimentally determined log Pmw along with other molecular descriptors leading to the construction of a model equation of R2= 85 % and a prediction power represented by R2Pred. =72 %. The use of MLC with an aminopropyl column in combination with NaDC was found to be a good method for the prediction of human intestinal absorption, providing data for a far wider range of compounds compared with previous studies

Using Virtual Markets to Program Global Behavior in Sensor Networks

This paper presents market-based macroprogramming (MBM), a new paradigm for achieving globally efficient behavior in sensor networks. Rather than programming the individual, low-level behaviors of sensor nodes, MBM defines a virtual market where nodes sell "actions" (such as taking a sensor reading or aggregating data) in response to global price information. Nodes take actions to maximize their own utility, subject to energy budget constraints. The behavior of the network is determined by adjusting the price vectors for each action, rather than by directly specifying local node actions, resulting in a globally efficient allocation of network resources. We present the market-based macro-programming paradigm, as well as several experiments demonstrating its value for a sensor network vehicle tracking application.Engineering and Applied Science