A cooling neutron star crust after recurrent outbursts: Modelling the accretion outburst history of Aql X-1

With our neutron star crust cooling code {\tt NSCool} we track the thermal evolution of the neutron star in Aql X-1 over the full accretion outburst history from 1996 until 2015. For the first time, we model many outbursts (23 outbursts were detected) collectively and in great detail. This allows us to investigate the influence of previous outbursts on the internal temperature evolution and to test different neutron star crust cooling scenarios. Aql X-1 is an ideal test source for this purpose, because it shows frequent, short outbursts and thermally dominated quiescence spectra. The source goes into outburst roughly once a year for a few months. Assuming that the quiescent {\it Swift}/XRT observations of Aql X-1 can be explained within the crust cooling scenario (Waterhouse et al. 2016), we find three main conclusions. Firstly, the data are well reproduced by our model if the envelope composition and shallow heating parameters are allowed to change between outbursts. This is not the case if both shallow heating parameters (strength and depth) are tied throughout all accretion episodes, supporting earlier results that the properties of the shallow heating mechanism are not constant between outbursts. Second, from our models shallow heating could not be connected to one specific spectral state during outburst. Third, and most importantly, we find that the neutron star in Aql X-1 does not have enough time between outbursts to cool down to crust-core equilibrium and that heating during one outburst influences the cooling curves of the next.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in MNRA

Letter from Laura Page Knudsen for Representative Burdick to Floyd Montclair Regarding Per Capita Payments, August 27, 1956

This letter, dated August 27, 1956, from Laura Page Knudson on behalf of United States (US) Representative Usher Burdick to Three Affiliated Tribes member Floyd Montclair responds to the letter that Montclair sent to US Senator William Langer. Knudson explains that the money that will be distributed to the tribes is not per capita but allows for payments based on a prepared membership roll. She also mentions that an election order was sent out on August 18 and that redistricting still needs to be settled. See also: Letter from Floyd Montclair to Representative Langer Regarding Per Capita Payments, July 27, 1956https://commons.und.edu/burdick-papers/1323/thumbnail.jp

Distribution of epibionts and their effects on the marine snail Littorina littorea in northern New England

Epibiosis, or the growth of one organism on another, is a common life history strategy in marine environments where space is at a premium. Many epibiotic organisms live on or in biotic hard substrates, such as shells. In the spatially competitive rocky intertidal of New England, hard substrate surface area is greatly increased by the presence of the non-native marine periwinkle snail Littorina littorea. The snail\u27s shell can be exploited by epibiotic organisms such as barnacles, bryozoans, and encrusting calcareous algae. However, an in-depth examination of the prevalence and impact of epibionts on Littorina littorea in New England has not been done to date. In Chapter 1 of this thesis, I examine the distribution and prevalence of epibionts on Littorina littorea and other gastropod species in northern New England at four different tidal heights from Maine to Massachusetts. I then focus on local scale factors influencing patterns of distribution and abundance in the most common taxa of epibionts, encrusting calcareous red algae, in Chapter 2. In the final chapter, I examine the impact of algal fouling on Littorina littorea\u27s physiological parameters, grazing rates, movement patterns, predation susceptibility, and survival

Letter from Laura Page Knudson for Representative Burdick to Martin Cross Regarding the Election Questionnaire Sent from the Three Affiliated Tribes, November 10, 1954

This letter, dated November 10, 1954, from Laura Page Knudson on behalf of United States (US) Representative Usher Burdick to Three Affiliated Tribes Tribal Chairperson Martin Cross responds to Cross\u27s October 25 letter enclosing an election questionnaire that the tribes requested be returned prior to election day on November 2. Knudson says that she received a response from Burdick that morning saying, you people should know by now that he has always been your friend. See also: Election Questionnaire Sent from the Three Affiliated Tribes to Representative Burdick, October 25, 1954https://commons.und.edu/burdick-papers/1180/thumbnail.jp

Letter from Laura Knudson to Harry Sellery Regarding Lillie Wolf, October 12, 1953

This letter, dated October 12, 1953, from Laura Page Knudson, Legislative Assistant to United States (US) Representative Usher Burdick, to Harry A. Sellery Jr., Chief Council of the US Bureau of Indian Affairs, concerns Lillie Wolf. Knudson writes that she has gathered enough material to reply to Wolf\u27s letter thanks to the leads provided by Sellery. See also: Letter from Representative Burdick to Lillie Wolf Regarding Her Refusal to Relocate from Taking Area to be Flooded by Garrison Dam, October 12, 1953https://commons.und.edu/burdick-papers/1474/thumbnail.jp

Women midlevel student affairs practitioners : exploring through narrative inquiry the skills, abilities, and expertise needed for career success

Dr. Casandra Harper Morris, Dissertation Supervisor.includes vitaThis study attempts to fill a gap in the literature by taking a new direction in the research of professional competency in student affairs through the exploration of professional stories of women midlevel student affairs practitioners. Through narrative inquiry, participants shared their professional life stories, including details regarding what skills, experiences, abilities, and expertise they believe have contributed to their individual career development, as well as the role gender has played. Using the Kaleidoscope Career Model (KCM) (Mainiero and Sullivan, 2005, 2006) as a guiding framework for the study, themes were identified from the findings and then interpreted through the KCM's components of authenticity, balance, and challenge. Findings from this study provide insight into how competence is viewed and achieved from the perspective of women midlevel professionals, as well as further our understanding of gender through the career development process in student affairs. Practical implications from this study reveal key aspects of professional development applicable to all aspects of the student affairs profession, including individual practitioners, departments and divisions at higher education institutions, and the professional associations that provide professional development and guidance to the field.Dr. Casandra Harper Morris, Dissertation Supervisor.|Includes vita.Includes bibliographical references (pages 186-207)

Letter from Laura Knudson for Representative Burdick to J. A. Waldron Regarding Garrison Dam Relocations, November 16, 1953

This letter, dated November 16, 1953, from Laura Page Knudson on behalf of United States (US) Representative Usher Burdick to Mr. Minot Attorney J. A. Waldron acknowledges Waldron\u27s letter of November 11 regarding the mistreatment of people being displaced by the Garrison Dam. Knudson writes that Burdick has fought against the methods used by the US Army Engineers regarding the condemnation of lands in the taking area and the relocation of the people in those areas, and that he will appreciate Waldron\u27s cooperation and support in his attempts to secure justice for the people being relocated.https://commons.und.edu/burdick-papers/1445/thumbnail.jp

Letter from Laura Page Knudsen for Representative Burdick to J. K. Murray Regarding Three Affiliated Tribes Enrollment of Children, September 14, 1956

This letter, dated September 14, 1956, from Laura Page Knudson on behalf of United States (US) Representative Usher Burdick to J. K. Murray responds to Murray\u27s appeal for assistance in getting children enrolled with the Three Affiliated Tribes as the Tribal Business Council has been rejecting all applicants submitting after July 1, 1956. Knudson informs Murray that they are taking the issue up with Commissioner Glenn Emmons and will get back to him. See also: Letter from J. K. Murray to the Bureau of Indian Affairs Regarding Three Affiliated Tribes Enrollment of Children, September 11, 1956 Letter from Thomas Reid to J. K. Murray Regarding Enrollment of Children in the Three Affiliated Tribes, September 26, 1956https://commons.und.edu/burdick-papers/1325/thumbnail.jp

Letter from Laura Knudson for Representative Burdick to James Black Dog Regarding Per Capita Payments, July 18, 1952

This letter, dated July 18, 1952, from Laura Page Knudson on behalf of the office of United States (US) Representative Usher Burdick to Jim (James) Black Dog is Knudson\u27s response to Black Dog\u27s phone call regarding matters that Knudson then took up with US Senator Milton Young\u27s office. Knudson explains why Lilly Wolf had $200 deducted from her per capita payment of$1,600, and referring to James Smith, whom Black Dog had claimed had not been paid for 3 weeks of labor, suggests Black Dog contact Martin Cross, or take the matter up with the Tribal Council.https://commons.und.edu/burdick-papers/1464/thumbnail.jp

Letter from Laura Page Knudson for Representative Burdick to Carl Whitman, Jr. Regarding the Status of Some Appeals, June 13, 1957

This letter, dated June 13, 1957, from Laura Page Knudson on behalf of United States (US) Representative Usher Burdick to Three Affiliated Tribes Tribal Chairperson Carl Whitman, Jr. provides information on the status of funds distribution through US Public Law 533. Knudson informs Whitman that the delay was in part due to some appeals that were filed. She further informs Whitman that the funds should be distributed soon. See also: Letter from Carl Whitman, Jr. to Representative Burdick Regarding US Public Law 553 and the Distribution of Funds to Tribal Members, April 4, 1957https://commons.und.edu/burdick-papers/1348/thumbnail.jp