Psychological type and religious orientation : do introverts and extraverts go to church for different reasons?

This study set out to profile an Anglican congregation in the south of England in terms of religious orientation, assessed by the New Indices of Religious Orientation, and in terms of psychological type, assessed by the Francis Psychological Type Scales, in order to test the hypothesis that motivation for church attendance (religious orientation) is related to personality (psychological type). The data demonstrated that this congregation (N = 65) displayed clear preferences for judging (72%) over perceiving (28%) and for sensing (62%) over intuition (39%), slight preference for extraversion (54%) over introversion (46%) and a fairly close balance between feeling (51%) and thinking (49%), and included attenders who reflected all three religious orientations: intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest. Moreover, extraverts recorded significantly higher scores than introverts on the measure of extrinsic religiosity, while introverts recorded significantly higher scores than extraverts on the measure of intrinsic religiosity, demonstrating a link between psychological type and religious orientation

Can TUF Writing Make Speaking Easier?

This study examined the effects of an adapted, written version of Treatment of Underlying Forms (TUF; Thompson et al., 1997; 1998) on the spoken and written sentence production and comprehension of three adults with varying severities of nonfluent aphasia. A single subject, multiple baseline design across behaviors was used to measure acquisition and generalization of trained (object- and subject-extracted embedded questions) and untrained sentence structures (object- and subject-extracted matrix questions, passives). Results indicated that this writing treatment protocol evoked cross-modal generalization to spoken output in all participants. Data will be discussed with regard to factors influencing TUF’s generalization potential

Copyright Consultation Submission

In this submission, the author articulates the principles that she feels should guide copyright reform. Appropriate reforms would aim to restore legitimacy to the Copyright Act by ensuring technological neutrality, and by implementing the WIPO treaties in a manner that best suits Canada‘s specific circumstances, policy traditions, and cultural goals. Clear legal drafting so that ordinary Canadians can understand the Act is also essential. Strong users’ rights foster expression, enhance learning opportunities, and make creation possible in the first place. With respect to specific reforms, Digital Rights Management must not prohibit anti-circumvention for non-infringing purposes, licensing regimes must be accountable and transparent, and copyright protection generally should be subject to a flexible and broad fair dealing test by the inclusion of a ―such as‖ clause in the current fair dealing provision of the Copyright Act, as guided by the Supreme Court‘s test in CCH v. Law Society of Upper Canada

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Following Mild Head Injury: An Investigation into the Relationship Between Physiological Underarousal and Symptoms of Anxiety

Mild head injury (MHI; concussion) is a major health concern worldwide as thousands of people each year suffer from an impact to the head or body sufficient to cause concussion. Acceleration/deceleration and rotational forces cause axons to stretch and tear, particularly in the area of the ventromedial prefrontal cortices (vmPFC), which in turn can attenuate physiological autonomic arousal and disrupt emotional regulation (Bechara, Damasio, & Damasio, 2000; Fisher, Rushby, McDonald, Parks, & Piguet, 2015; Pardini, Krueger, Raymont, & Grafman, 2010). Diminished levels of visceral feedback leaves one at a disadvantage for predicting, anticipating and reacting to environmental events. Therefore, individuals with MHI are described as experiencing heightened or exaggerated reactions to situations as they are not psychologically, or physiologically, prepared for stressful events. Some of these overreactions may be viewed as aggressive, others may be viewed as symptoms of anxiety; and in fact, many studies indicate these to be common complications following head injury. Diagnoses of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) are particularly frequent in a head injury population, however its characteristics may not capture the symptoms individuals with MHI experience. Whereas worry or maladaptive anticipation of adverse outcomes are the cardinal features of GAD and, reportedly, serve to control the physiological reactions that accompany uncertainty (Behar, DiMarco, Hekler, Mohlman, & Staples, 2009; Roemer & Borkovec, 1993) an absence of hypervigilance and lessened alertness is more likely in persons with MHI. To examine these variances in symptom characteristics, 84 participants (39% with MHI) completed self-report measures of aggression, dimensions of anxiety (cognitive, affective, somatic), worry, and somatization. Electrodermal activation (EDA) was measured as an indicator of autonomic physiological arousal across 4 phases of a stress manipulation (Initial Baseline, Anticipatory, Scare, Final Baseline). Having a history of MHI was not associated with significant expressive/reactive aggression; those with a GAD diagnoses endorsed the most number of aggressive symptoms. Similarly, individuals with GAD reported the highest levels of anxiety across all anxiety measures and subtypes. However, in line with our predictions, students with MHI reported the highest levels of somatic anxiety symptoms relative to affective and cognitive symptoms, and somatic anxiety was positively correlated with severity of the injury (i.e., the more severe the injury, the higher levels of somatic anxiety reported). Further, as expected, whereas the GAD group reported the highest level of worry-related symptoms, neither a history of MHI, nor injury severity, was correlated with worry. While no significant difference between EDA levels was noted in the baseline or experimental conditions, the pattern of results across the manipulation was as anticipated with the MHI group displaying the lowest level at baseline and anticipation, and the largest reaction to the scare phase. The GAD group did not demonstrate the expected reduction in autonomic responsivity. However, EDA levels for the MHI group alone had a significant negative correlation to the Anticipatory phase and trending towards a significant positive correlation in the Scare phase. Together, these findings indicate a fundamental difference in types of anxiety and vigilance symptoms found in persons with GAD versus MHI. A dampened baseline and anticipatory physiological response can result in a decreased ability to predict outcomes, and exaggerated reactions, especially in times of uncertainty (Bechara et al., 2000; Damasio & Bishop, 1996). Frequent and ongoing behavioural outbursts are observed in persons with TBI (traumatic brain injury), but may reflect autonomic, as opposed to affective, underlying neural mechanisms. Acknowledging and understanding these subtle differences in symptom description can provide insight into more effective treatment paradigms

Metabolic and structural studies of several temperate seagrass communities, with emphasis on microalgal components (Maryland, Virginia, Chesapeake Bay)

The relative contributions to organic matter production and the interactions between submerged vascular plants and their associated microalgae assemblages were investigated in seagrass communities characteristic of the lower Chesapeake Bay. The studies were conducted in three parts; the first compared production and respiration of the major autotrophic components in adjacent seagrass communities dominated by Zostera marina and Ruppia maritima, respectively. Annual production for the two communities differed; in the Z. marina area microalgal (i.e. phytoplankton and benthic microalgae) production dominated during the summer months, whereas in the R. maritima area, the macrophyte-epiphyte complex dominated throughout the growing season. Both areas exhibited high annual gross production rates (1580 gC m(\u27-2) in the Z. marina area and 1000 gC m(\u27-2) in the R. maritima area) of which the microalgae accounted for 45% and 36% in the two communities respectively. The ratio of net production to dark respiration (P/R) exceeded 1.0 for each of the components, suggesting export and/or burial of carbon from the system. The second series of studies investigated specific interactions between Z. marina and its epiphytic microalgae. Two sites were examined, where previous observations had been made of differing epiphytic colonization patterns. The two seagrass ecosystems differed markedly in epiphytic abundance, community structure, and productivity and respiration of the epiphytic complex. Based on gross morphological characteristics of the seagrass host, differences in nutrient conditions could exist at the two sites, where the hypothetically enriched site coincided with a flourishing epiphytic community. Effects of nutrient enrichment and light reduction on epiphytic growth were examined directly in the third phase of this study using controlled microcosm experiments. Both nutrient enrichment and light reduction led to enhanced epiphytic productivity and biomass, as well as increased light attenuation associated with epiphytic growth. Direct reduction in ambient light also stimulated epiphytic production relative to that of the seagrass host. Reduced abundance of plant leaves in the nutrient enriched systems perhaps indicated some signs of stress to Z. marina. This study suggests that nutrient enrichment and light reduction in the water column could increase epiphytic growth and production, possibly at the expense of the macrophyte

Conditional Admission and Other Mysteries: Setting the Record Straight on the Admission Status of Refugees and Asylees

Hundreds of thousands of U.S. residents live in the country lawfully and indefinitely but are not citizens. The rules governing the lives and freedom of these residents vary depending on their immigration status. This Article explores the boundaries of and rules attaching to two such important groups–resettled refugees and asylees–and explains why they must be deemed (unconditionally) admitted under the Immigration and Nationality Act. Whether a noncitizen is deemed “admitted” often determines whether he or she will be deported–banished–from the United States. It also may determine whether the noncitizen is subject to months or years of incarceration during resolution of her case, or while awaiting deportation. Perhaps because of these populations’ relative indigence, which contributes to their inability to access counsel, the case law in both the administrative and federal courts is strikingly confused and often misleading. For example, the Board of Immigration Appeals has stated for decades that refugee admission is “conditional”–although that term appears nowhere in the relevant statutory provisions. I analyze the historical trajectory of the concept of admission as it relates to refugees and asylees to reach my conclusion that they are (unconditionally) “admitted.” Today, as debates over immigration reform continue to rage, it is particularly important to understand the consequences of amendments relating to the grounds for detaining and deporting persons deemed not “admitted,” and why refugees and asylees do not fall into this category