Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Mathematics Achievement

This action research project examined the relationship between parenting styles and mathematics achievement for middle school students at a small Christian school in the Midwestern United States. The participants were 22 fifth through eighth grade students and their parents. Students and their parents completed surveys measuring the parenting dimensions of demandingness and responsiveness, which were used to determine the overall parenting style in the home. Parenting styles determined by the surveys were compared to mathematics scores from the students’ most recent achievement test. The study results indicate that an authoritative parenting style does not necessarily correlate with higher mathematics achievement for middle school students

Insights into Arbovirus Evolution and Adaptation from Experimental Studies

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are maintained in nature by cycling between vertebrate hosts and haematophagous invertebrate vectors. These viruses are responsible for causing a significant public health burden throughout the world, with over 100 species having the capacity to cause human disease. Arbovirus outbreaks in previously naïve environments demonstrate the potential of these pathogens for expansion and emergence, possibly exacerbated more recently by changing climates. These recent outbreaks, together with the continued devastation caused by endemic viruses, such as Dengue virus which persists in many areas, demonstrate the need to better understand the selective pressures that shape arbovirus evolution. Specifically, a comprehensive understanding of host-virus interactions and how they shape both host-specific and virus-specific evolutionary pressures is needed to fully evaluate the factors that govern the potential for host shifts and geographic expansions. One approach to advance our understanding of the factors influencing arbovirus evolution in nature is the use of experimental studies in the laboratory. Here, we review the contributions that laboratory passage and experimental infection studies have made to the field of arbovirus adaptation and evolution, and how these studies contribute to the overall field of arbovirus evolution. In particular, this review focuses on the areas of evolutionary constraints and mutant swarm dynamics; how experimental results compare to theoretical predictions; the importance of arbovirus ecology in shaping viral swarms; and how current knowledge should guide future questions relevant to understanding arbovirus evolution

Strengthening Community Foundations - Redefining the Opportunities

Commissioned by the Council on Foundations and released in October 2003, this white paper details the findings and the implications of our study of costs and revenues at nine community foundations. Offering a new perspective for community foundation sustainability, the white paper proposes that community foundations examine their strategy and operations on a product-by-product basis, taking into account their mission-driven priorities, internal costs, customer preferences and the competing donor alternatives for each type of product or service they offer

Opgelegde bescherming in het Europees internationaal privaatrecht

In deze bijdrage staat centraal de vraag naar de rol van opgelegde bescherming in het internationaal privaatrecht (IPR), waarbij vooral aandacht wordt besteed het moderne Europese IPR. Er wordt ingegaan op de gevallen, de ratio, methodiek en rechtsontwikkeling alsmede de verklarende factoren van opgelegde bescherming. Geconcludeerd wordt dat de totstandkoming van IPR-regels op EU-niveau een extra dimensie heeft gegeven aan de beschermingsgedachte. In de IPR-verordeningen komt de opgelegde bescherming vooral tot uitdrukking in de beperkingen van de partijautonomie (via rechts- en forumkeuze) ten gunste van dwingende beschermende bepalingen van materieel recht, in het bijzonder op het gebied van het consumenten- en arbeidsrecht en verzekeringsrecht. Bescherming van zwakkere partijen vindt echter niet alleen plaats op basis van de IPR-verordeningen. Ook in andere instrumente, met name diverse consumentenrichtlijnen, staan bepalingen op grond waarvan dwingendrechtelijk Unierecht kan worden doorgezet in weerwil van het door partijen gekozen recht. Het Hof van Justitie heeft door middel van uitleg van Europese regelgeving bijkomende voorwaarden gesteld aan de rechts- en forumkeuzevrijheid van partijen. Het arrest Ingmar/Eaton, waarin het Hof oordeelde dat bepalingen van de Agentuurrichtlijn moesten worden toegepast ongeacht de keuze voor het rechtsstelsel van een niet-lidstaat, is hiervan een treffend voorbeeld. De balans lijkt in deze uitspraak te ver door te slaan naar bescherming van de ‘zwakkere’ partij en communautaire belangen, waardoor de conflictenrechtelijke partijautonomie onder druk komt te staan

Geographic variation in the response of Culex pipiens life history traits to temperature

BackgroundClimate change is predicted to alter the transmission of many vector-borne pathogens. The quantitative impact of climate change is usually estimated by measuring the temperature-performance relationships for a single population of vectors, and then mapping this relationship across a range of temperatures or locations. However, life history traits of different populations often differ significantly. Specifically, performance across a range of temperatures is likely to vary due to local adaptation to temperature and other factors. This variation can cause spatial variation in pathogen transmission and will influence the impact of climate change on the transmission of vector-borne pathogens.MethodsWe quantified variation in life history traits for four populations of Culex pipiens (Linnaeus) mosquitoes. The populations were distributed along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients in the eastern United States that spanned ~3 °C in mean summer temperature, which is similar to the magnitude of global warming expected in the next 3-5 decades. We measured larval and adult survival, development rate, and biting rate at six temperatures between 16 and 35 °C, in a common garden experiment.ResultsTemperature had strong and consistent non-linear effects on all four life history traits for all four populations. Adult female development time decreased monotonically with increasing temperature, with the largest decrease at cold temperatures. Daily juvenile and adult female survival also decreased with increasing temperature, but the largest decrease occurred at higher temperatures. There was significant among-population variation in the thermal response curves for the four life history traits across the four populations, with larval survival, adult survival, and development rate varying up to 45, 79, and 84 % among populations, respectively. However, variation was not correlated with local temperatures and thus did not support the local thermal adaptation hypothesis.ConclusionThese results suggest that the impact of climate change on vector-borne disease will be more variable than previous predictions, and our data provide an estimate of this uncertainty. In addition, the variation among populations that we observed will shape the response of vectors to changing climates

West Nile virus envelope protein glycosylation is required for efficient viral transmission by Culex vectors

AbstractMany, but not all, strains of West Nile virus (WNV) contain a single N-linked glycosylation site on their envelope (E) proteins. Previous studies have shown that E-glycosylated strains are more neuroinvasive in mice than non-glycosylated strains. E protein glycosylation also appears to play a role in attachment and entry of WNV into host cells in vitro; however, studies examining how E protein glycosylation affects the interactions of WNV with its mosquito vectors in vivo have not yet been performed. We mutated the E protein glycosylation site from NYS to IYS in a previously described full-length clone of the NY99 genotype of WNV (WT), resulting in a virus that lacked the glycan at aa154. WNV-N154I replicated less efficiently than WNV-WT in Culex mosquito tissues, although the extent of the decrease was greater in Cx. pipiens than in Cx. tarsalis. Following peroral infection, mosquitoes infected with WNV-N154I were less likely to transmit virus than those infected with WNV-WT. Interestingly, all but one of the mosquitoes infected with WNV-N154I transmitted a revertant virus, suggesting that there is strong selective pressure toward E protein glycosylation. Together these data suggest that loss of the glycan at aa154 on the WNV E protein can severely restrict viral spread in the mosquito vector