Appendix B. Figures and tables pertaining to design and results of a simulation experiment of influences on expansion of an epidemic caused by a generalized pathogen.

Figures and tables pertaining to design and results of a simulation experiment of influences on expansion of an epidemic caused by a generalized pathogen

Appendix A. Figures and tables pertaining to design and results of the stripe rust field experiment in Madras, Oregon, USA conducted during 2011.

Figures and tables pertaining to design and results of the stripe rust field experiment in Madras, Oregon, USA conducted during 2011

Severns et al. 2014 Journal of Applied Ecology data set for Dryad

Disease severity data for experimentally initiated wheat stripe rust outbreaks and the distribution of disease on susceptible wheat hosts between 4.0 and 4.5 generations of disease build-up and spread

Foudia data used in file S3

Foudia morphological data from collections of the Natural History Museum (BMNH), Tring, the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, and the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren. All measurements are from male birds in breeding plumage and are in mm

CHD1Z sequence alignment

See ReadMe file for the corresponding GenBank accessions

Foudia CHD1Z Maximim Likelihood tree topology

Maximum likelihood tree based on the K81uf + I model for Foudia CHD1Z data

Concatenated mtDNA sequence alignment

Concatenated mtDNA sequence alignment. ATPase 8: bases 1-168. ATPase 6: bases 169-852. ND3: bases 853-1203. Sequences are labelled with specimen numbers as in the publication graphics. See ReadMe file for the corresponding GenBank accessions

Risk of Exposure to Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Increases with the Density of Northern Cardinals

<div><p>For a variety of infectious diseases, the richness of the community of potential host species has emerged as an important factor in pathogen transmission, whereby a higher richness of host species is associated with a lowered disease risk. The proposed mechanism driving this pattern is an increased likelihood in species-rich communities that infectious individuals will encounter dead-end hosts. Mosquito-borne pathogen systems potentially are exceptions to such “dilution effects” because mosquitoes vary their rates of use of vertebrate host species as bloodmeal sources relative to host availabilities. Such preferences may violate basic assumptions underlying the hypothesis of a dilution effect in pathogen systems. Here, we describe development of a model to predict exposure risk of sentinel chickens to eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) in Walton County, Florida between 2009 and 2010 using avian species richness as well as densities of individual host species potentially important to EEEV transmission as candidate predictor variables. We found the highest support for the model that included the density of northern cardinals, a highly preferred host of mosquito vectors of EEEV, as a predictor variable. The highest-ranking model also included <i>Culiseta melanura</i> abundance as a predictor variable. These results suggest that mosquito preferences for vertebrate hosts influence pathogen transmission.</p> </div

Association between EEEV exposure and <i>Cs. melanura</i> abundance.

<p>Added-variable plot showing the relationship between EEEV exposure risk in chickens during 2009 and 2010 and <i>Culiseta melanura</i> abundance at 24 sentinel sites in Walton County, Florida. The estimate for the slope of EEEV exposure risk regressed on <i>Cs. melanura</i> was 0.0028 with a 95% UCI of (−0.0012, 0.0058). <i>Cs. melanura</i> abundance residuals = residuals from regression of northern cardinal density on <i>Cs. melanura</i> abundance, EEEV exposure risk residuals = residuals from regression of EEEV exposure risk residuals on <i>Cs. melanura</i> abundance. The best-fit line from simple linear regression of EEEV exposure risk residuals on northern cardinal density residuals are overlaid, with the solid line fit to the full dataset, and the dashed line fit to the dataset that excluded the influential observation shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0057879#pone-0057879-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a>.</p

Walton County, Florida.

<p>Circles represent sentinel traps locations, where turquoise represents sites where EEEV exposure risk in sentinel chickens ≤0.010 seroconversions/chicken-week (median seroconversion incidence rate) and pink represents sites where EEEV exposure risk >0.010 seroconversions/chicken-week. Yellow star shows location of DeFuniak Springs, the Walton County seat. Subsetted image shows the location of Walton County within the state of Florida.</p