Aumento o disminución ponderal, como resultado de una alimentación sujeta a turnos rotativos de trabajo, en el personal de enfermería del Hospital Regional Malargüe, en el período de noviembre de 2014 a mayo de 2015

El presente trabajo se pretende determinar qué relación existe entre las pautas de comportamiento alimentario y los turnos de trabajo intermitentes (rotativos) de los enfermeros del Hospital Regional Malargüe, durante el periodo de noviembre de 2014 a mayo de 2015. Se realizó un estudio de tipo cuantitativo, descriptivo, pre experimental y prospectivo. De un total de 65 profesionales de este hospital se tomó una muestra de 45 enfermeros que cumplen con el criterio de trabajar en turnos rotativos de 8 horas, a los que se les realizó una entrevista personal. Algunas de las variables evaluadas fueron: edad, sexo, horario de trabajo, peso, talla, horario de comidas, enfermedades relacionadas con el peso, controles médicos entre otras.Fil: Alaniz, Walter. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería..Fil: Correa, Silvana . Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería..Fil: Santander, Laura. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería.

Dendritic cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccines

En los últimos años la inmunoterapia ha revolucionado el tratamiento de pacientes con cáncer avanzado. El mayor conocimiento de la biología tumoral y de la inmunología ha permitido desarrollar tratamientos racionales manipulando el sistema inmunitario con importante impacto clínico. Entre otras estrategias de inmunoterapia contra el cáncer se ha explorado el uso de vacunas terapéuticas basadas en células dendríticas (CD). Las CD son células de origen hematopoyético, que expresan constitutivamente moléculas presentadoras de antígeno, y son funcionalmente las inductoras más potentes de la activación y proliferación de linfocitos T a los que presentan antígenos. Los linfocitos T CD8+ proliferan y adquieren capacidad citotóxica cuando reconocen su antígeno específico presentado en la superficie de CD, aunque solo algunos tipos de CD pueden presentar antígenos internalizados desde el exterior celular a precursores de linfocitos T citotóxicos (a esta función se la llama presentación cruzada). Explotar la inducción de una respuesta inmunitaria adaptativa eficaz se considera una buena opción por su especificidad y prolongada duración de la respuesta. Las CD, gracias a su particular capacidad de presentación antigénica y de estimulación linfocitaria, son capaces de revertir la respuesta inmunitaria antitumoral deficiente que presentan algunos pacientes con cáncer. Las CD se pueden obtener a partir de distintas fuentes, empleando diversos protocolos para generar diferenciación y maduración, y se administran por diversas vías como son subcutánea, intravenosa o intranodal. La gran variedad de protocolos en los que se aplican las CD explica los resultados clínicos tan heterogéneos que se han comunicado hasta la fecha.In recent years immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of patients with advanced cancer. The increased knowledge in the tumor immune-biology has allowed developing rational treatments by manipulation of the immune system with significant clinical impact. This rapid development has significantly changed the prognosis of many tumors without treatment options up to date. Other strategies have explored the use of therapeutic vaccines based on dendritic cells (DC) by inducing antitumor immunity. DC are cells of hematopoietic origin, constitutively expressing molecules capable to present antigens, that are functionally the most potent inducers of the activation and proliferation of antigen specific T lymphocytes. The CD8+ T cells proliferate and acquire cytotoxic capacity after recognizing their specific antigen presented on the surface of DC, although only some types of DC can present antigens internalized from outside the cell to precursors of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (this function is called cross-presentation) requiring translocation mechanisms of complex antigens. The induction of an effective adaptive immune response is considered a good option given its specificity, and prolonged duration of response. The DC, thanks to its particular ability of antigen presentation and lymphocyte stimulation, are able to reverse the poor antitumor immune response experienced by patients with cancer. The DC can be obtained from various sources, using different protocols to generate differentiation and maturation, and are administered by various routes such as subcutaneous, intravenous or intranodal. The wide variety of protocols resulted in heterogeneous clinical responses.Fil: Rizzo, Manglio Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Aplicadas. Laboratorio de Terapia Génica y Celular; ArgentinaFil: Alaniz, Laura Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Mazzolini Rizzo, Guillermo Daniel. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Aplicadas. Laboratorio de Terapia Génica y Celular; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

RELAÇÃO DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS CLÍNICAS E PROFISSIONAIS DOS PACIENTES AMPUTADOS SEGURADOS DA PREVIDÊNCIA SOCIAL NO MUNICÍPIO DE CRICIÚMA - SC NO ANO DE 2017

A amputação de membros é considerada um dos primeiros procedimentos cirúrgicos na história da Medicina, sendo vista por muitos como um processo traumático e doloroso para os indivíduos a ela submetidos. Além de consequências físicas e funcionais, os amputados também apresentam um importante abalo psicológico, visto que a reintegração na sociedade passa a ser um objetivo a ser alcançado durante o processo de reabilitação. No Brasil, o Serviço Social, compreendido pela Previdência Social, tem por fim proporcionar meios para a educação e readaptação profissional e social, através do fornecimento de órteses, próteses e aparelhos para auxílio de locomoção para indivíduos que apresentam alguma incapacidade funcional. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi correlacionar as causas da amputação com o perfil profissional dos pacientes amputados e segurados pela Previdência Social no município de Criciúma. A amostra foi composta por 20 pacientes, no qual foi aplicado um questionário para a coleta das informações. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que 85% dos amputados eram do sexo masculino, 75% dos indivíduos analisados apresentavam amputações traumáticas, e 65% permanecem ativos profissionalmente. Pode-se concluir que embora a amputação seja um processo traumático, os envolvidos podem não apresentar limitações incapacitantes no âmbito profissional e social. Os achados apontam para a necessidade de acompanhamento destas populações visando à manutenção de suas condições funcionais, destacando a necessidade de um maior envolvimento da comunidade cientifica, gestão pública e demais profissionais da equipe multiprofissional

Overexpression of SPARC obliterates the in vivo tumorigenicity of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Current treatments are extremely disappointing. SPARC (Secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine) is a matricellular glycoprotein with differential expression in several tumors, including HCC, which significance remains unclear. We infected HCC cells (HepG2, Hep3B and Huh7) with an adenovirus expressing SPARC (AdsSPARC) to examine the role of SPARC expression on HCC cells and its effect on tumor aggressiveness. The in vitro HCC cells substrate-dependent proliferation and cell cycle profile were unaffected; however, SPARC overexpression reduced HCC proliferation when cells were grown in spheroids. A mild induction of cellular apoptosis was observed upon SPARC overexpression. SPARC overexpression resulted in spheroid growth inhibition in vitro while no effects were found when recombinant SPARC was exogenously applied. Moreover, the clonogenic and migratory capabilities were largely decreased in SPARC-overexpressing HCC cells, altogether suggesting a less aggressive HCC cell phenotype. Consistently, AdsSPARC-transduced cells showed increased E-cadherin expression and a concomitant decrease in N-cadherin expression. Furthermore, SPARC overexpression was found to reduce HCC cell viability in response to 5-FU-based chemotherapy in vitro, partially through induction of apoptosis. In vivo experiments revealed that SPARC overexpression in HCC cells inhibited their tumorigenic capacity and increased animal survival through a mechanism that partially involves host macrophages. Our data suggest that SPARC overexpression in HCC cells results in a reduced tumorigenicity partially through the induction of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). These evidences point to SPARC as a novel target for HCC treatment.Fil: Atorrasagasti, María Catalina. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Laboratorio de Terapia Genética; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Malvicini, Mariana. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Laboratorio de Terapia Genética; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Aquino, Jorge Benjamin. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Laboratorio de Terapia Genética; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Alaniz, Laura Daniela. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Laboratorio de Terapia Genética; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: García, Mariana Gabriela. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Laboratorio de Terapia Genética; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bolontrade, Marcela Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Rizzo, Manglio Miguel. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Laboratorio de Terapia Genética; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Podhajcer, Osvaldo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Mazzolini Rizzo, Guillermo Daniel. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Laboratorio de Terapia Genética; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Improving the Therapeutic Ability of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells for the Treatment of Conditions Influenced by Immune Cells

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been initially described decades ago as fibroblastic precursors that could be isolated from the bone marrow and establish cultures of fibroblastic cells. These fibroblastic cells were shown tosupport hematopoiesis in vitro, which is a characteristic of stromal cells, and, later, to give rise to mature mesenchymal cells such as bone, cartilage, and fat cells when cultured under appropriate conditions. The proposition that a mesenchymal stem cell exists in postnatal bone marrow and other tissues asblood vessel-associated cells provided further momentum to research on these cells, as well as divergences on how to call them. The impetus of using MSCs to replace cells lost in various types of conditions eventually decreased, as the therapeutic benefits provided by these cells were found to be mostly due to the secretion of paracrine signaling molecules,which can be carried by extracellular vesicles. In the meantime, MSCs were found to modulate the behavior of immunecells by means of secretion of molecules that could, in different scenarios, inhibit the activation of T cells that promote adaptive immune responses. Subsequently, the effects of MSCs on other cells of the immune system were alsodescribed. Today, a number of clinical trials using MSCs to treat conditions influenced by immune cells are under way. While preclinical data indicates that MSCs have important immunomodulatory properties, further studies are still in progress to increase the knowledge on the differences regarding the action of MSCs on immune cells according to their tissue of origin, on how MSCs exert their effects on the different types of immune cells, and on ways to improve the outcome of conditions influenced by immune cells when treated using MSCS.Fil: da Silva Meirelles, Lindolfo. Universidad Luterana; BrasilFil: Bolontrade, Marcela Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Medicina Traslacional E Ingenieria Biomedica. - Hospital Italiano. Instituto de Medicina Traslacional E Ingenieria Biomedica. - Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Traslacional E Ingenieria Biomedica.; ArgentinaFil: Medeiros Markoski, Melissa. Universidad Federal de Ciencias de la Salud ; BrasilFil: Dallagiovanna, Bruno. Carlos Chagas Institute - Fiocruz; BrasilFil: Alaniz, Laura Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Single low-dose cyclophosphamide combined with interleukin-12 gene therapy is superior to a metronomic schedule in inducing immunity against colorectal carcinoma in mice

The use of conventional cytotoxic agents at metronomic schedules, alone or in combination with targeted agents or immunotherapy, is being explored as a promising anticancer strategy. We previously reported a potent antitumor effect of a single low-dose cyclophosphamide and interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene therapy against advanced gastrointestinal carcinoma, in mice. Here, we assessed whether the delivery of IL-12 by gene therapy together with metronomic cyclophosphamide exerts antitumor effects in a murine model of colorectal carcinoma. This combination therapy was able, at least in part, to reverse immunosuppression, by decreasing the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) as well as of splenic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC s). However, metronomic cyclophosphamide plus IL-12 gene therapy failed to increase the number of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and, more importantly, to induce a specific antitumor immune response. With respect to this, cyclophosphamide at a single low dose displayed a superior anticancer profile than the same drug given at a metronomic schedule. Our results may have important implications in the design of new therapeutic strategies against colorectal carcinoma using cyclophosphamide in combination with immunotherapy.Fil: Malvicini, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Alaniz, Laura Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Bayo Fina, Juan Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: García, Mariana Gabriela. Universidad Austral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Piccioni, Flavia Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Fiore, Esteban Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Atorrasagasti, María Catalina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Aquino, Jorge Benjamin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; ArgentinaFil: Matar, Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Medicas. Instituto de Genetica Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Mazzolini Rizzo, Guillermo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral; Argentin

The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment in the Development and Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

There is a growing evidence that supports the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the development and progression of cancer. TME is composed of cellular components, bioactive substances (e.g. growth factors) and extracellular matrix (ECM) comprising of proteins such as collagens, proteoglycans and the linear glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan, which is a key component of ECM. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), generally arises from fibrotic or cirrhotic liver, characterized by excessive expression and alteration of ECM components which facilitates tumor development. On the other hand, non-tumoral cells, as such as the mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are typically recruited to the injured or hypoxic area within the tumor. Besides the secretion of immunoregulatory, growth factors and cytokines, MSCs and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) can also synthesize hyaluronan, amongst other components, that affects several tumor processes. The TME also contains different types of immune cells. A key component in tumorigenesis in HCC are the macrophages, as tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). This chapter will describe specific data regarding the interaction of MSCs-hyaluronan-TAMs and tumor cells and how this interaction potentially contributes to the development and progression of HCC.Fil: Sevic, Ina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Spinelli, Fiorella Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Cantero, María José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional; ArgentinaFil: Reszegi, Andrea. Semmelweis University; HungríaFil: Kovalszky, Ilona. Semmelweis University; HungríaFil: García, Mariana Gabriela. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Alaniz, Laura Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Phylogenetic analyses of the Fusarium graminearum species complex isolated from soybean in Argentina and Brazil

Soybean is one of the most economically important crops in Argentina and Brazil. However, there is limited information on the biodiversity of the FGSC from soybean as compared to other crops of large-scale growing such as wheat and maize. A phylogenetic recognition of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) isolated from soybean in Argentina and Brazil was performed in order to identify species responsible for trichothecene production. Sequences of genes encoding for the partial translation elongation factor, the 3-O-acetyltransferase and a putative reductase were analysed by the Maximum Parsimony method. Although the present study has focused on a limited number of isolates, this is the first report that provides evidence of the presence of at least four species within the FGSC associated with soybean in Argentina: F. graminearum sensu stricto, F. cortaderiae, F. meridionale and F. boothii. In addition, F. graminearum sensu stricto was detected for the first time among Brazilian isolates from soybean.Fil: Chiotta, María Laura. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Alaniz Zanon, Maria Silvina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Giaj Merlera, Guillermo. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Tessmann, D.. UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE MARINGÁ (UEM);Fil: Barros, Germán Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Chulze, Sofia Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentin

Pathogenicity of phylogenetic species in the Fusarium graminearum complex on soybean seedlings in Argentina

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the main crops in Argentina. Most of the studies of pathogenicity in the Fusarium graminearum complex have focused on strains isolated from wheat and maize, and there is little information on strains isolated from soybean. Our objective in the present study was to compare the pathogenicity among soybean isolates of different phylogenetic species within the Fusarium graminearum complex on soybean seedlings under controlled conditions. Six strains representing three different phylogenetic species (F. graminearum, F. meridionale and F. cortaderiae) were identified by partial sequencing of the Translation Elongation Factor -1α gene (TEF-1) and evaluated for pathogenicity. All six strains reduced emergence, mainly by causing pre-emergence damping-off, seedling height and root dry weight and produced abnormal seedlings. The mean disease severity averaged across all isolates was approximately 3.0 in a 0–4 rating scale where 0 = healthy seedling and 4 = dead seedling. Significant differences in pathogenicity were observed among F. graminearum, F. meridionale and F. cortaderiae. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that different phylogenetic species within the Fusarium graminearum complex isolated from soybean are pathogenic under controlled conditions to soybean seedlings in Argentina. The present study demonstrates for the first time the pathogenic effect of F. meridionale on soybean in Argentina.Fil: Barros, Germán Gustavo. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Alaniz Zanon, Maria Silvina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Chiotta, María Laura. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Reynoso, Maria Marta. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Scandiani, María Mercedes. Laboratorio Agrícola Río Paraná, San Pedro; ArgentinaFil: Chulze, Sofia Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentin

Immunotherapy for liver tumors: present status and future prospects

Increasing evidence suggests that immune responses are involved in the control of cancer and that the immune system can be manipulated in different ways to recognize and attack tumors. Progress in immune-based strategies has opened new therapeutic avenues using a number of techniques destined to eliminate malignant cells. In the present review, we overview current knowledge on the importance, successes and difficulties of immunotherapy in liver tumors, including preclinical data available in animal models and information from clinical trials carried out during the lasts years. This review shows that new options for the treatment of advanced liver tumors are urgently needed and that there is a ground for future advances in the field